1. BRAIN TRAINING: THE NEW SCIENCE OF INTELLIGENCE Science, Day 4, Friday

2. VIEW FROM THE PAST  We used to think that brains were a lot like skeletal structures: You’re born with everything you’ll ever have. No matter what you do, nothing new is added over time. Science, Day 4, Friday

3. WHAT WE KNOW NOW  Brains are a lot like muscles: What you’re born with is just a start What you do makes a big difference in how your muscles and brain grow and develop! Science, Day 4, Friday

4. There are four important ways that muscles and brains are alike. Science, Day 4, Friday

5. SIMILARITY #1 Muscles and brains have tiny structures that grow and multiply. Science, Day 4, Friday

6. MUSCLES HAVE FIBERS...  that contract when the muscle is put to work.  Your muscles grow as the fibers get bigger new fibers are added. Science, Day 4, Friday

7. BRAINS HAVE NEURONS…  that are activated when the brain is in use.  Your brain grows as neurons get denser and new neurons are added. Science, Day 4, Friday

8. WHAT’S A NEURON?  The brain is made up of billions of neurons that work together to run our bodies and our minds.  30,000 neurons can fit on the head of a pin.  Neurons are cells that share information with each other. Science, Day 4, Friday

9. HOW DO NEURONS SHARE INFORMATION?  Neurons communicate by passing along an electrical impulse.  Electrical impulses are passed from one neuron to the next through the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters. Science, Day 4, Friday

10. HOW DO NEURONS GET DENSER WITH USE?  Under heavy use, neurons develop new dendrites so that they can communicate more efficiently with each other. Science, Day 4, Friday

11. HOW DO NEURONS INCREASE IN NUMBER?  The human brain constantly generates progenitorcells that can turn into neurons.  A brain that is learning needs to add neurons to store and communicate the new information.  This process by which a progenitor cell becomes a neuron is called neurogenesis. Science, Day 4, Friday

12. HOW DO WE KNOW THAT BRAINS GROW AS WE LEARN?  Animal studies prove that the brain grows when challenged.  Rats raised in enriched cages have brains that are 10% heavier than the brains of rats raised in plain cages. Science, Day 4, Friday

13. SIMILARITY #2 Muscles and brains only develop when challenged by increasingly difficult tasks. Science, Day 4, Friday

14. TO DEVELOP BIGGER MUSCLES…  You need to lift heavier and heavier weights. Science, Day 4, Friday

15. TO DEVELOP YOUR BRAIN…  You need to do harder and harder work. Science, Day 4, Friday

16. Developing muscles & developing your brain is challenging and sometimes uncomfortable. Science, Day 4, Friday

17. MUSCLES ONLY DEVELOP…  When pushed past the point of comfort. Science, Day 4, Friday

18. BRAINS ONLY DEVELOP…  When pushed past the point of comfort. Science, Day 4, Friday

19. SIMILARITY #3 Building muscles and building your brain takes time and sustained effort. Science, Day 4, Friday

20. SUSTAINED EFFORT IS REQUIRED…  to build new connections between neurons and  to integrate new neurons into old neural pathways. Science, Day 4, Friday

21. HOW DO WE KNOW THAT SUSTAINED EFFORT BUILDS YOUR BRAIN?  Buddhist monks spend thousands of hours engaged in meditation, the art of carefully observing one’s own mental processes.  Areas of the brain associated with attention and sensory processing are much thicker in the brains of monks than in the brains of people who don’t meditate. Science, Day 4, Friday

22. SIMILARITY #4 All students can build their muscles and their brains. Science, Day 4, Friday

23. MUSCLES AND BRAINS START SMALL IN EVERYONE AND GROW WITH USE. Science, Day 4, Friday

24. BABIES’ MUSCLES START SMALL AND WEAK AND GET BIGGER AND STRONGER WITH USE. Science, Day 4, Friday

25. BRAINS BECOME DENSER AND MORE COMPLEX AS NEW MENTAL SKILLS ARE DEVELOPED Science, Day 4, Friday

26. BUILDING MUSCLE…  makes you stronger!  Your new muscles can help you do all sorts of things. Science, Day 4, Friday

27. BUILDING YOUR BRAIN…  makes you smarter!  Your increased intelligence can help you in all of your classes. Science, Day 4, Friday

28. How are muscles and brains alike?  Both have tiny structures that GROW AND MULTIPLY.  These structures only develop when CHALLENGED by difficult tasks.  Both muscles and brains require SUSTAINED EFFORT in order to develop.  ALL STUDENTS can build their muscles AND their brains. Science, Day 4, Friday