1. Western Civilizations Unit 6 Agricultural and Economic Revolution The revival of learning Culture of the high middle ages C. 1000-1300 AD

2. Changes in Agriculture Population explosion (38-74 mil. in 300 years) Population explosion (38-74 mil. in 300 years) The settlement of the 9 th century invaders led to peace and stability The settlement of the 9 th century invaders led to peace and stability Climate improved Climate improved More land farmed = more food More land farmed = more food Changes in technology (next slide) Changes in technology (next slide)

3. Inventions and the Agricultural Revolution (after 1000) Water and wind mills Water and wind mills Heavier plows made of iron (Carruca) Heavier plows made of iron (Carruca) Collar harness (horses instead of oxen) Collar harness (horses instead of oxen) The horseshoe The horseshoe The three field system The three field system The result The result Better crops, more food, better diet Better crops, more food, better diet Between 1000 and 1300 the population of Western Europe doubled Between 1000 and 1300 the population of Western Europe doubled

5. The Growth of Trade Population explosion = an increase in demand Population explosion = an increase in demand The first city states (Venice, Genoa, Pisa) established trade with the East (Asia-Byz-Eur) The first city states (Venice, Genoa, Pisa) established trade with the East (Asia-Byz-Eur) Learning of Arabs and Greeks now appears in the West Learning of Arabs and Greeks now appears in the West Science / Math Science / Math New business practices made trade easier “The Commercial Revolution” New business practices made trade easier “The Commercial Revolution” Coins (money economy) Coins (money economy) Banking (letters of credit) Banking (letters of credit) Partnerships (joint stock Co’s) Partnerships (joint stock Co’s)

6. The Revival of Towns Old Roman cities come back to life Old Roman cities come back to life Craftsmen now produce goods for trade and create the new middle class or Bourgeoisie Craftsmen now produce goods for trade and create the new middle class or Bourgeoisie Guilds: Apprentice, Journeyman, Master Guilds: Apprentice, Journeyman, Master Organizations of crafts workers (unions) Organizations of crafts workers (unions) Government: right to rule themselves from Charters obtained from the Lord Government: right to rule themselves from Charters obtained from the Lord Town Life (dirty, smelly, dangerous) Town Life (dirty, smelly, dangerous) Labor lords eventually become land lords Labor lords eventually become land lords Serfs become rent paying peasants Serfs become rent paying peasants

7. Scholasticism: Scholarship Guided by Faith Bible regarded as the basis of all knowledge Bible regarded as the basis of all knowledge First Universities emerge (Bologna, Paris, Oxford) First Universities emerge (Bologna, Paris, Oxford) 1200’s new “Philosopher” Christians believed that reason could be used to explain Christian teachings 1200’s new “Philosopher” Christians believed that reason could be used to explain Christian teachings Both came from god, should go hand in hand Both came from god, should go hand in hand St. Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologica St. Thomas Aquinas: Summa Theologica Used Aristotle to explain Christian teaching Used Aristotle to explain Christian teaching

8. Literature and Language The growth of the vernacular: Everyday speech in a particular region The growth of the vernacular: Everyday speech in a particular region Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterburry Tales (late 1300’s) Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterburry Tales (late 1300’s) Written in the language of the people about people Written in the language of the people about people What is the change? What is the change?

9. Romanesque v. Gothic Architecture Romanesque v. Gothic Architecture Romanesque Architecture: 11 th and 12 th Centuries Romanesque Architecture: 11 th and 12 th Centuries Fortress like appearance, rounded arch, heavy ceilings to support massive thick walls, small windows very little light or color Fortress like appearance, rounded arch, heavy ceilings to support massive thick walls, small windows very little light or color Gothic Architecture (Began in the late 1100’s) Gothic Architecture (Began in the late 1100’s) Between 1180 and 1270 80 Gothic Cathedrals were built in France Between 1180 and 1270 80 Gothic Cathedrals were built in France Pointed arches (flying buttresses) high ceilings, thin walls, stained glass windows, light, color Pointed arches (flying buttresses) high ceilings, thin walls, stained glass windows, light, color