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9.3 Graphing General Rational Functions
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Steps to graphing rational functions
Find the y-intercept. Find the x-intercepts. Find vertical asymptote(s). Find horizontal asymptote. Find any holes in the function. Make a T-chart: choose x-values on either side & between all vertical asymptotes. Graph asymptotes, pts., and connect with curves. Check your graph with the calculator.
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How to find the intercepts:
y-intercept: Set the y-value equal to zero and solve x-intercept: Set the x-value equal to zero and solve
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How to find the vertical asymptotes:
A vertical asymptote is vertical line that the graph can not pass through. Therefore, it is the value of x that the graph can not equal. The vertical asymptote is the restriction of the denominator! Set the denominator equal to zero and solve
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How to find the Horizontal Asymptotes:
If degree of top < degree of bottom, y=0 If degrees are =, If degree of top > degree of bottom, no horiz. asymp, but there will be a slant asymptote.
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How to find slant asymptotes:
Do synthetic division (if possible); if not, do long division! The resulting polynomial (ignoring the remainder) is the equation of the slant asymptote.
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How to find the points of discontinuity (holes):
When simplifying the function, if you cancel a polynomial from the numerator and denominator, then you have a hole! Set the cancelled factor equal to zero and solve.
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Steps to graphing rational functions
Find the y-intercept. Find the x-intercepts. Find vertical asymptote(s). Find horizontal asymptote. Find any holes in the function. Make a T-chart: choose x-values on either side & between all vertical asymptotes. Graph asymptotes, pts., and connect with curves. Check your graph with the calculator.
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Ex: Graph. State domain & range.
5. Function doesn’t simplify so NO HOLES! 2. x-intercepts: x=0 3. vert. asymp.: x2+1=0 x2= -1 No vert asymp 4. horiz. asymp: 1<2 (deg. top < deg. bottom) y=0 6. x y (No real solns.)
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Domain: all real numbers
Range:
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Ex: Graph then state the domain and range.
6. x y 2. x-intercepts: 3x2=0 x2=0 x=0 3. Vert asymp: x2-4=0 x2=4 x=2 & x=-2 4. Horiz asymp: (degrees are =) y=3/1 or y=3 On right of x=2 asymp. Between the 2 asymp. On left of x=-2 asymp. 5. Nothing cancels so NO HOLES!
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Domain: all real #’s except -2 & 2
Range: all real #’s except 0<y<3
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Ex: Graph, then state the domain & range.
y-intercept: -2 x-intercepts: x2-3x-4=0 (x-4)(x+1)=0 x-4=0 x+1=0 x=4 x=-1 Vert asymp: x-2=0 x=2 Horiz asymp: 2>1 (deg. of top > deg. of bottom) no horizontal asymptotes, but there is a slant! 5. Nothing cancels so no holes. 6. x y Left of x=2 asymp. Right of x=2 asymp.
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Slant asymptotes Do synthetic division (if possible); if not, do long division! The resulting polynomial (ignoring the remainder) is the equation of the slant asymptote. In our example: Ignore the remainder, use what is left for the equation of the slant asymptote: y=x-1
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Domain: all real #’s except 2
Range: all real #’s
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Assignment Workbook page 61 #1-9 Find each piece of the function.
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