1. Feasibility of a Small Scale Transmutation Device – Part 1 Conceptual Design only Roger Sit NCHPS Meeting Charlotte, NC October 22-23, 2009

2. Outline Background Analytical Methods Conceptual Transmuter Design  Neutron Source  Geometry (spherical)  Reflector/multiplying material (maximize neutron flux on target)  Sphere size  Target size  Sphere thickness (minimize sphere thickness while maximizing neutron multiplication)  Moderator material (to alter the energy spectrum)  Shielding  Heat Load Conclusions

3. Background What is transmutation ? The transformation of a nuclide into another (or other) nuclide(s) Common process; albeit unwanted  Medical accelerators  High energy particle accelerator  Air, water, soil around accelerators and reactors Technology using transmutation  Nuclear medicine; PET/SPECT

4. Review of Transmutation Technologies Thermal Reactors (LWR) (to fission Pu and transmute fission products) Fast Reactors (to fission actinides) Fusion Reactors (to fission actinides) Sub-critical reactors: Proton and electron accelerator driven systems Lasers (g,n reactions and photofission)

5. Basis for Investigating the Small Scale Transmuter Concept “Small scale” means simple single radionuclide transmutation in small quantities by a commercially available table top technology Large scale technologies are at least a couple of decades away Application: understand the transmutation processes in the transmuter for potential applicability to different radionuclides Application: transmute sealed source materials recently reclaimed by the USDOE (there are thousands of these sources )

6. Analytical Methodology Use a radiation transport code to model neutrons within a transmuter device to determine flux and energy spectra impinging upon a target radionuclide Use the energy spectra to calculate radionuclide transmutation products through available processes (ie, fission; n,g; n,2n; n,p; etc) Calculate activities, gamma dose rates, ingestion and inhalation toxicities, and cooling times for these transmutation products

7. Analytical Tools MCNPX for transmuter design MCNPX for kcode calculations EASY-2003 for transmutation studies; contains FISPACT, an inventory code developed for neutron induced activation calculations over last 17 years ICRP 72 Ingestion and inhalation DCFs MCNPX for shielding calculations NCRP 38 Neutron Fluence to DCFs (10CFR20) ICRP 51 Photon Fluence to DCFs

8. Preliminary Transmuter Design Basic source term Evaluate material type for best multiplication/reflection to optimize neutron flux Evaluate optimum thickness of material Evaluate optimum size of sphere Evaluate mesh tally results inside the sphere Evaluate neutron energy spectrum inside transmuter by using different moderators and target sizes Select transmuter base cases to carry out the transmutation calculations

9. Review of Neutron Generators Accelerator–based neutron sources RF-driven plasma ion sources Pyroelectric crystal fusion Sonofusion

10. Neutron Source Geometry: 26 cm diameter, 28 cm length RF-driven plasma ion source

12. Reflector/Multiplying Material Considered Description 1. No reflector 2. 1m C 3. 5cm Be, 1m C 4. 1m Be 5. 0.5m Be, 0.5m C 6. 5cm Pb, 1m C 7. 5cm Pb,.5m Be,.5m C 8. 10cm Pb, 1m C 9..5m Pb,.5m C 10. 1m Pb 11. 1m DU

13. Optimum Spherical Shell Thickness

14. Evaluation of Inner Sphere Size Black- 2 m radius; Blue-1 m radius; Red – 1 m diameter

15. Evaluation of Effect of Target Size

16. Neutron Flux Distribution within Sphere (n/cm 2 -s)

17. Iterate on Moderator Material for D-T Device T:teflon, W:water, L:lead, CF:calcium flouride, A:aluminum oxide, N:nickel

18. Transmuter Design Base Cases D-T generator, unmoderated sphere (DT-Unmod): lead sphere, 25 cm thick, 50 cm inner radius, neutron source strength of 3E14 n/s D-T generator, moderated sphere (DT-Mod): Lead sphere, 25 cm thick, 5cm thick teflon, 45 cm inner radius, neutron source strength of 3E14 n/s D-T generator, themalized sphere (DT-Thermalized): lead sphere, 25 cm thick, 50 cm inner radius filled with heavy water, neutron source strength of 3E14 n/s D-D generator, moderated sphere: Lead sphere, 25 cm thick, 5cm thick teflon, 45 cm inner radius, neutron source strength of 1E12 n/s

19. DT-therm

20. Calculate Shielding Use ANSI/ANS 6.6.1 concrete composition with a density of 2.3 g/cc. Use two variance reduction techniques  Geometry (splitting and Russian roulette)  Source biasing Use ICRP 51 photon DCFs Use NCRP 38 neutron DCFs

22. Calculate Heat Load Calculate heat load from neutron and photon energy deposition (collision heating)in material using MCNPX Calculate heat load from activation products in material using MCNP coupled with FISPACT (determine neutron flux impinging on the transmuter shell and the heat load from the subsequent activation products in the shell) Convert kW to J/hr and then using specific heat capacity of lead, determine the resulting heat rise in C°/ hr.

23. Radionuclides Studied

24. Requirements for Activation Calculations Neutron flux Neutron energy spectrum Dominant reactions and the energy thresholds for these reactions Nuclear reaction cross sections EASY-2003, European Activation System, a software package utilizing FISPACT

26. Tc-99 (n,g) cross sections

27. Conclusions There is no advantage to using the D-D rather than the D-T neutron generator as the neutron source. Any advantage of having a lower energy spectrum from the D-D is easily compensated by moderating or thermalizing the D-T source neutrons. With regards to the transmuter shell, Be is a larger neutron multiplier than Pb; but not large enough to overcome the major disadvantages such as toxicity and cost The size of the inner sphere doesn’t affect the energy distribution of the on-target neutrons much (only the flux value) The neutron flux is fairly uniform throughout the spherical volume so target placement is not critical. Transmuter shell optimum thickness is 25 cm. Teflon is the moderator material that gives the best combination of both total neutron flux and lower energy neutrons.

28. Thank You Questions? Stay tuned: transmutation results and feasibility conclusions to be presented at next meeting.