1. www.norsar.com Copyright © NORSAR 2005 Advanced Applications of NORSAR-3D Ray Modelling

2. Introduction What is NORSAR-3D Software package for 3-dimensional seismic ray modelling. Using the Wavefront construction method. It handles: – General, layered subsurface models. – Multi-arrivals. – Anisotropy. Takes advantage of Parallel computing – greatly reducing run times.

3. Introduction NORSAR-3D applications include Survey planning – Land – Marine; including Multi, Wide and Rich Azimuth Survey infill analysis; including onboard Survey QC Interpretation QC 4D seismic modelling Green’s functions for migration

4. Introduction Some Examples Marine survey planning VSP close to salt Green’s functions for migration The most common use currently is Marine survey planning. This example will quickly show a multi azimuth example using synthetic data.

5. Introduction Purpose The purpose of the modelling is to guide survey planning by accurately simulating the illumination of the target.

6. Introduction Simplified salt model In this case we are using a simplified salt structure. The horizon below the purple salt bodies is the target layer. Our goal is to quantify some marine survey parameters: – Sailing direction – Cable length – Listening time

7. Introduction Simple, initial analysis: Flower plot Illumination analysis for a single point on a reflector. Checks all azimuths and offsets. Azimuth Offset Best acquisition direction

8. Introduction Select reflection point on target The location of the reflection point once more. Seen from right above.

9. Introduction A hit map for this reflection point as a rose diagram. In this example, there are no hits for small offsets. The best shooting direction is S/SW – N/NE, as this has the most offets contributing.. Output from the FlowerPlot Azimuth Offset Best acquisition direction

10. Introduction Full survey North-South Repeating for numerous points The results indicate that there is no simple solution to the question of which azimuth to acquire the survey in. Next step is to model a ‘real’ regular, marine survey. First we will try north-south acquisition direction, then we will try east- west and compare the two outputs.

11. Introduction This is a hit map for North-South survey. White=no hits, blue=few, yellow/green=medium, red=many Notice that the results indicate some illumination below the centre of some salt domes, but not below that flanks. This was not shown in the flower plots, as we located the flower plots directly beneath the salt and not below the flanks. Hit map for full marine survey

12. Introduction Minimum travel time Other maps: There are numerous possible parameters which can be output to aid the survey design process once ray tracing has been performed. In this case we can see the Minimum travel time. This is useful to determine minimum listening time. Largest values are found below the salt as expected. Full survey North-South

13. Introduction Minimum offset Full survey North-South The minimum offset map indicates the required cable length.

14. Introduction Simulated Migration Amplitude Full survey North-South SMA models illumination amplitudes that correspond to depth migrated seismic data. By simulating the migration process locally, more realistic amplitudes are generated where both the seismic pulse and the Fresnel effect are included.

15. Introduction Flower plots and Hit map for East-West Full survey East-West

16. Introduction Full survey North-South Full survey East-West Comparing the Hit maps

17. Introduction North-South plus East-West Multi Azimuth? NORSAR-3D has been used extensively in the decision process leading up to some of the major multi azimuth surveys undertaken so far.

18. Introduction From the modelling Select sailing direction – No direction is perfect for all targets – Select for most important targets – Use two directions? Cable length Listening time

19. Introduction Examples Marine survey planning VSP close to salt Green’s functions for migration Within NORSAR-3D, sources and receivers can be placed anywhere within the model. This means that geometries such as OBS, Land (including complex topography) and VSP can be modelled in addition to the standard marine case.

20. Introduction Unknown salt flanks Top salt and main reflectors known Shots on surface Receivers in existing well Task: Find good shot and receiver positions to illuminate the salt flanks Designing a robust VSP survey

21. Introduction Known structure This example assumes that top salt, main reflectors, and the velocity structure are already known. Here is a display of the know structure.

22. Introduction Unknown part - Is it like this?

23. Introduction or like this…

24. Introduction or…

25. Introduction or?

26. Introduction Shots on the surface, receivers in the well We begin by using all shot and receiver positions. The shots are on the surface, the receivers in the well. The task is to find a good subset.

27. Introduction Visualizing the ray paths

28. Introduction Hit map - All receivers On reflectorFrom which shots? i.e. the shot domain

29. Introduction Hit map - All receivers On reflectorFrom which shots? i.e. the shot domain

30. Introduction Hit map - All receivers On reflectorFrom which shots? i.e. the shot domain

31. Introduction Hit map - All receivers On reflectorFrom which shots? i.e. the shot domain

32. Introduction Find the best receiver depths The results so far have been for all shots and all receivers. Now to find the best receiver depths. We divided the well into three parts: shallow, middle, and deep, illustrated by the thicker line down the well. Which receiver location provides the best illumination. Bearing in mind that it is unlikely that we can afford to populate the whole well with receivers.

33. Introduction Hit map - Shallow receivers

34. Introduction Hit map - Middle receivers

35. Introduction Hit map - Deep receivers

36. Introduction The best receiver position By running the modelling for the two shapes shown, as well as the others we can quantatively show that the deepest receivers will provide the best illumination. Next: Where – roughly – are the best shot positions?

37. Introduction Using the deepest receivers So far we have been looking at this in the shot domain. i.e. using all shots and deep receivers. Now we can split the shots up into near and far and see what effect that has on our illumination for the different salt flank geometries.

38. Introduction Shots near?

39. Introduction Or far?

40. Introduction Shots - All

41. Introduction Shots - Near

42. Introduction Shots - Far

43. Introduction From this analysis we can conclude that the far shots will provide the best illumination on the varying salt flank geometries. Thus the recommended combination would be, the deepest receivers and the far offset shots. Which is the best combination

44. Introduction What is the expected coverage In addition the modelling also shows expected illumination as a function of flank shape – i.e. what parts of the flank we should expect to see depending its shape.

45. Introduction Other useful information… Maximum travel time Minimum incidence angle

46. Introduction VSP illumination of salt flank Conclusions The modelling indicates what parts of the salt flank are illuminated, depending on the salt’s shape. Shot and receiver positions are indicated. They are robust to the actual shape of the unknown structure.

47. Introduction With NORSAR-3D you can Model complete surveys with ray-tracing by wavefront construction. Determine and explain survey parameters. Estimate how illumination depends on the shape of the unknown structure. Make the survey geometry robust to structural uncertainties.

48. Introduction With NORSAR-3D you can Model complete surveys with ray-tracing by wavefront construction. Determine and explain survey parameters. Estimate how illumination depends on the shape of the unknown structure. Make the survey geometry robust to structural uncertainties.

49. Introduction With NORSAR-3D you can Model complete surveys with ray-tracing by wavefront construction. Determine and explain survey parameters. Estimate how illumination depends on the shape of the unknown structure. Make the survey geometry robust to structural uncertainties.

50. Introduction With NORSAR-3D you can Model complete surveys with ray-tracing by wavefront construction. Determine and explain survey parameters. Estimate how illumination depends on the shape of the unknown structure. Make the survey geometry robust to structural uncertainties.