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From Sex to Gender L. I. Hernandez. Sex  From Latin secare, to divide. Used to refer to: Sexual intercourse Male/female.

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Presentation on theme: "From Sex to Gender L. I. Hernandez. Sex  From Latin secare, to divide. Used to refer to: Sexual intercourse Male/female."— Presentation transcript:

1 From Sex to Gender L. I. Hernandez

2 Sex  From Latin secare, to divide. Used to refer to: Sexual intercourse Male/female

3  What is a biological male?  What is a biological female?

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5 Is biological sex just male & female?

6 17 different chromosomal combinations  XX  XY  XO - Turners syndrome  XXY - Klinefelters syndrome  Society labels many of these other chromosomal combinations as intersex categories.

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19 Gender: origins of the word  Gender: from Latin generare, to beget. Originally used as a linguistic term (e.g., in many European languages, words have gender, e.g., in Spanish el for male, la for female.

20 Gender: origins of the word  Gender redefined in the 1970s to refer to socially-constructed and socially-defined categories, roles, statuses.

21 Gender  Socially defined categories, roles and statuses for, as well as relations between and among people.  Think of the different categories in your country. Use the local terms. (Just write them down now, for further discussion.)

22 Tagalog gender categories  Lalake (male)  Babae (female)  Bakla, syoki (an effeminate male)  Gay (homosexual)  Tibo (a masculine female)  Silahis (a bisexual)  Bisexual, macho gay (a gay man who is not effeminate)

23 Transgenders  Many societies have transgender categories, e.g., kathoey (Thai, Lao), waria (Indonesia), bakla (Philippines). These categories are often erroneously translated as “gay” or “homosexual”.

24 Gender is NOT sexual orientation alone  Anatomy  Body movements  Clothing  Personality  Occupations  “Sexual attraction”

25 Gender is embodied  Because most people are male or female, societies tend to combine sex and gender into a dichotomy, based on genitals. We as individuals, also think of gender roles in that dichotomy: males penetrate, females are penetrated; males dominate, females submit.

26 Gender and society  We learn about gender categories, roles, statuses through social institutions: family, community, religion, etc.

27 Gender & socialization  We teach gender roles through many ways: Act like a man. Be more lady-like. Why are you crying? Are you a bakla? Oh men are like that...let the old goat eat grass in the next field, as long as they don’t bring home the other goat.

28 Gender and the State  Laws, policies, all reinforce existing gender norms, e.g., anti-abortion laws are often more concerned about female chastity and family honor than fetal life.

29 Gender relations  Gender is relational: would not be conceptualized if there were no.  Relations among genders vary from one culture to another.

30 Gender relations & society  Gender relations interact with other social divisions, e.g., divisions by class, caste, religion, ethnicity, age. Thus, an upper-class Thai urban woman would be more powerful than the male mayor of a small Thai town. She would also become more powerful with age.

31 Gender & culture  Culture: beliefs and practices passed from one generation to another.  Culture uses gender attributes for language, food, architecture, etc.  Example from Thai language: kha (female); kop (male) in sentences, depending on the speaker.

32 Gender ideology  Society tells us what each gender SHOULD be and SHOULD NOT be.  Gender ideology is reinforced by society and culture, through language (chairman, businessman, etc.) religion (who can become priests or monks, who cannot), politics (Ah, enough of women presidents!), etc.

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35 Gendered expressions of biology  Why is HIV more prevalent in younger females and older males?  Why do hospital-acquired infections of HIV affect more females than males?  In percentages, why do more women victims of intimate partner violence die, than men?

36 Differentiating sex and gender allows us to reflect on:  Nature (biology) and nurture (society)  Are there attributes that are essentially male/female? Or are these socially constructed?

37 Gender trouble (Judith Butler)  Gender “floats” – we are constantly redefining gender, in ourselves and in others. We renegotiate, reinvent gender.

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