1. Memory Unit 6

2. What is memory? The ability to remember the things that we have experienced, imagined, and learned Explained using Information Processing Model Sensory Register- entry points for raw information from the senses Processes far more than we can “selectively attend” to Short Term/Working Memory- “selective attention” Long Term Memory- limitless memory bank

3. Sensory Registers Iconic Memory We hold images that we see very briefly in our sensory register Stare forward then quickly close your eyes- image will remain in mind and then fades quickly Sperling and the 12 letters Wait one second before asking a subject to recall letters and they remember 1-2 rather than 3-4 “Masking” happens when we get new sensory information

4. Sensory Registers Echoic Memory Auditory information echoes in our ears for a short period of time For a few moments, we can recover what we just heard even if we didn’t consciously process it Fades more slowly than iconic memory

5. Short-Term Memory We can only “selectively attend” to a small amount of sensory information The important information that we want to process then enters our Short Term, or Working Memory Stores information briefly in order to “work on it” We also retrieve information from long-term memory and process it in working memory

6. Short-Term Memory Is very limited- When you focus, you need to shut other stimuli out so your STM doesn’t get “crowded” Capacity: As much information that can be repeated or rehearsed in 1.5 to 2 seconds 7 bits of information plus or minus 2

7. Demonstration: STM CXW MNKTY RPJHBZS GBMPVQFJD EGQWJPBRHKA

8. STM Capacity: 7 +/- 2 (5-9 bits) 6129643 9736129643

9. Demonstration: STM and Chunking TFIJFKBYMCAV

10. Demonstration: STM and Chunking TV FBI JFK YMCA

11. Demonstration: STM and Chunking Memorize these numbers: 1945181217762012 Did you chunk ‘em???? 1945 1812 1776 2012

12. Demonstration: STM and Chunking Swan, Goat, Cardboard, Boat, River, Bird, Music The swan tugged the goat in a cardboard boat across the river while the bird sang sweet music from above. ???? ?

13. Encoding How can we make sure we are thoroughly processing information in short term memory? For instance, if we need to memorize that the Enola Gay dropped the A-Bomb on Japan, what can we do to remember this? Dual Encoding: Hear the words, then imagine a mental picture of what you are trying to learn. Try this: John Quincy Adams enjoyed bathing nude in the Potamac. Bottom line: APPLY AS MANY MEANINGS AS POSSIBLE TO INFORMATION YOU NEED TO ENCODE!

14. Encoding, then keeping it there!!!! STM is fleeting To hold information in STM, we can use rote rehearsal- repeating information over and over again Even better than this is elaborate rehearsal- applying meaning, then rehearsing. Rote rehearsal: A, B, C, D, E, F, G…. A, B, C, D, E, F, G… MVEMJSUNP Elaborative rehearsal: Apple, Banana, Carrot, Dog, Elephant, Frog, Goat My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas

15. Homework: Remember these words. Ladybug, Orange, Sweater, Grass, Bicycle, Planet, Iguana, Lake, Pencil, Laughter