1. Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 21
DNA Biology and Technology
Lecture Outline
Part 4
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2. Biotechnology products: Transgenic plants
21.3 DNA Technology
Biotechnology products: Transgenic plants
Important uses
Produce human proteins in their seeds such as hormones, clotting factors, and antibodies
Plants resistant to herbicides
Plants resistant to insects
Plants resistant to frost

3. Genetically engineered plants
21.3 DNA Technology
Genetically engineered plants
Corn, soybean, and cotton plants are commonly genetically altered.
In 2011, 94% of the soybeans and 80% of the corn planted in the United States had been genetically engineered.
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a. Herbicide-resistant soybean plants
b. Nonresistant potato plant
c. Pest-resistant potato plant
(all): Courtesy Monsanto
Figure Genetically engineered plants.

4. Biotechnology products: Transgenic plants
21.3 DNA Technology
Biotechnology products: Transgenic plants
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Transgenic Crops of the Future
Improved Agricultural Traits
Disease-protected
Wheat, corn, potatoes
Herbicide-resistant
Wheat, rice, sugar beets, canola
Salt-tolerant
Cereals, rice, sugarcane
Drought-tolerant
Cereals, rice, sugarcane
Cold-tolerant
Cereals, rice, sugarcane
Improved yield
Cereals, rice, corn, cotton
Modified wood pulp
Trees
Improved Food Quality Traits
Fatty acid/oil content
Corn, soybeans
Protein/starch content
Cereals, potatoes, soybeans, rice, corn
Amino acid content
Corn, soybeans
Salt-intolerant
Salt-tolerant
b(both): Courtesy Eduardo Blumwald
Figure Genetically engineered plants for desirable traits.

5. Biotechnology products: Transgenic animals
21.3 DNA Technology
Biotechnology products: Transgenic animals
Gene is inserted into the egg that when fertilized will develop into a transgenic animal
Current uses
____________: production of pharmaceuticals in the milk of farm animals
____________: includes fish, cows, pigs, rabbits, and sheep
Mouse models: the use of mice for various gene studies
___________________: pigs can express human proteins on their organs making it easier to transplant them into humans

6. Production of a transgenic animal
21.3 DNA Technology
Production of a transgenic animal
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human gene
for growth
hormone
microinjection of human gene
donor of egg
development within a host goat
human growth
hormone
Transgenic goat produces
human growth hormone.
milk
fusion of enucleated
eggs with 2n
transgenic nuclei
donor of eggs
development within a host goat
Cloned
transgenic
goats produce
human growth
hormone.
Figure Production of a transgenic animal.
milk

7. What did we learn from the Human Genome Project (HGP)?
21.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy
What did we learn from the Human Genome Project (HGP)?
The human genome consists of about 3 billion bases and 25,000 genes.
The human genome was sequenced in _____.
There are many polymorphisms, or small regions of DNA that vary among individuals identified.
Genome size is _________________ with the number of genes or complexity of the organisms.

8. What is the next step in the HGP?
21.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy
What is the next step in the HGP?
Functional genomics
Understanding how the 25,000 genes function
Understanding the function of _____________ (25% of DNA is comprised of these regions)
Comparative genomics
Help understand how species have evolved
Comparing genomes may help identify base sequences that cause human illness
Help in our understanding of gene regulation

9. Functional and comparative genomics
21.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy
Functional and comparative genomics
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a (top): © Digital Vision/Getty RF; a (bottom): © Getty RF; b (left): © Digital Vision/GettyRF; b (right): © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Bob Coyle, photographer; c (left): © Digital Vision/Getty RF; c (right): © Getty RF
Figure Functional and comparative genomics between chimpanzees and humans.

10. 21.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy
New endeavors
Proteomics – the study of the structure, function, and interactions of cell proteins
This can be difficult to study because:
protein concentrations differ greatly between cells.
protein location and concentration interactions differ from minute to minute.
understanding proteins may lead to the discovery of better drugs.
Bioinformatics – the application of computer technologies to study the genome

11. How can we modify a person’s genome?
21.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy
How can we modify a person’s genome?
Gene therapy – insertion of genetic material into human cells to treat a disorder
In _______ therapy, cells are removed from the body for treatment, and then reintroduced back into the body.
In _______ therapy, the vector is introduced directly into the body.
Gene therapy has been most successful in treating cancer.

12. Gene therapy 21.4 Genomics and Gene Therapy Figure 21.23 Gene therapy.
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homologous
chromosomes
2. Use retroviruses
to bring the normal
gene into the bone
marrow stem cells.
1. Remove bone
marrow stem cells.
retrovirus
defective gene
viral
recombinant
RNA
viral recombinant DNA
4. Return genetically
engineered cells
to patient.
reverse transcription
normal gene
viral recombinant RNA
3.Viral recombinant
DNA carries normal
gene into genome.
normal gene
Figure Gene therapy.