1. Carbon footprinting and Welsh Lamb Katharina Plassmann* Gareth Edwards-Jones Bangor University *Dr Katharina Plassmann who delivered this presentation can now be contacted at: Research Station, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART, Switzerland : http://www.reckenholz.chhttp://www.reckenholz.ch Email: katharina.plassmann@art.admin.chkatharina.plassmann@art.admin.ch

2. Structure Background Example carbon footprint of foods Developing a carbon footprint for a sheep farm More Welsh carbon footprinting results and international comparison Uncertainty

3. Background

4. Carbon footprint = the sum of greenhouse gases released during the full life cycle of a product (good or service)

5. Global warming potential  carbon footprints are expressed as kg CO 2 equivalents  carbon dioxide (CO 2 ): 1 kg = 1 kg CO 2 equivalents  nitrous oxide (N 2 O): 1 kg = 296 kg CO 2 equivalents  methane (CH 4 ): 1 kg = 23 kg CO 2 equivalents  other greenhouse gases include CFCs, halons, methyl bromide, sulphur hexafluoride, halogenated HC, mono/di/trichloromethane…)

6. Life Cycle Assessment Farm Transport Storage & processing Retail INPUTSOUTPUTS Machinery Pesticides Fertiliser Electricity Fuel Food Wastes Pollution Machinery Fuel Machinery Electricity Pollution Wastes Electricity Packaging Wastes Pollution Electricity Fuel Consumption Wastes Pollution Disposal Electricity Fuel Wastes Pollution

7. Example carbon footprints of food

8. Typical carbon footprints (kg CO 2 equivalents per kg of food/drink) various sources Itemkg CO 2 e / kg Appleslow0.5 Potatoeslow0.6 Strawberrieslow0.8-1 Milk (per litre)low1 Green beans (UK)low1.4 Frozen chipsmed5-6 Porkmed3-6 Chickenmed4-6 Tomatoesmed2-9 Cheesemed-high7-13 Lambhigh14 Beefhigh12-23

9. Carbon footprinting schemes International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) Agency for the Environment and Energy Management (ADEME), France World Resources Institute (WRI) Casino, France Migros, Switzerland Leclerc, France KRAV and Svenskt Sigill, Sweden Blauer Engel (Blue Angel), Germany TÜV Nord, Germany Korea Thailand carboNZero, New Zealand Patagonia Clothes, US European Ecolabel (Eco-Flower) PAS2050, UK Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan

10. Developing a carbon footprint for a sheep farm

11. Describe the activities in the system Farm detailsFertiliser / pesticides Area of farm (ha)130kg N/year12,560 Number of livestock800 ewes 747 lambs 50 cattle 45 calves kg P/year3,650 Live weight of livestock sold/year (kg)39 (lambs) 350 (cattle) kg K/year3,700 kg S/year168 Organic N kg N/yr1,238 Energy usePesticides litres/year10 Diesel use (incl. contractors) (litres/year) 5,986 Petrol use (litres/year)415Feed Electricity use (kWh/year)7,400Concentrate, silage etc. (kg/yr)72,000

12. Obtain CO 2 equivalents for each input Itemkg CO 2 equivalents N fertiliser (per kg N)6.3 P fertiliser (per kg P)0.14 Pesticide (per kg ai)18.8 Diesel (per litre)2.7

13. Multiply emissions per unit by amount used in the system (boundary 1) ItemGWP (kg CO 2 e/ha/yr) Diesel 127 Petrol 7 Electricity 30 Fertiliser – N 609 Fertiliser – P 4 Fertiliser – K 15 Fertiliser – S 0.4 Pesticides 0.8 Concentrates 312 Silage wrap 2 TOTAL1,106 (522-1,691)

14. Expanding the system boundary These emissions include methane from enteric fermentation and nitrous oxides from soils and increase the emissions for this farm to: 5,227 kg CO 2 e/ha/year (range: 3,318 – 12,920) Add in ecosystem emissions

15. Summary of emissions from sheep farm

16. More Welsh results and international comparison

17. Beef and sheep farms

19. Lamb comparative results Methodological approach CountryResultSource Real farm dataUK12.9 kg CO 2 e kg -1 LW (8.1-31.7) Edwards-Jones et al. (2009) Real farm dataUK5.8-19.9 CO 2 e kg -1 LWunpublished National averageIreland10.0 kg CO 2 e kg -1 LWCasey & Holden (2005) ModelUK17.5 kg CO 2 e kg -1 DWWilliams et al. (2006) Model – organicUK10.1 kg CO 2 e kg -1 DWWilliams et al. (2006) ModelUK14.1 kg CO 2 e kg -1 DWWilliams et al. (2009) ModelNZ11.6 kg CO 2 e kg -1 DWWilliams et al. (2009)

20. THANKS Conference organisers Our funders: Farming and Wildlife Advisory Group Wales Hybu Cig Cymru – Meat Promotion Wales International Institute for Environment and Development World Bank