1. Modelling the perceptual development of phonological contrasts with OT and Gradual Learning Algorithm Paola Escudero, University of Reading p.r.escudero@reading.ac.uk Paul Boersma, University of Amsterdam paul.boersma@hum.uva.nl 25 th Penn Linguistics Colloquium March 3, 2001

2. Sound contrasts  Sound contrasts and acoustic information  An example of a sound contrast  What are the acoustic differences between the two?

3. Two acoustic cues to “ship” vs. “sheep”

4. Elspeth’s production environment (Scottish English)

5. Liz’s production environment (Southern English)

6. Elspeth’s and Liz’s average production environments

7. Do Elspeth and Liz perceive [350 Hz, 80 ms] as “ship” or as “sheep”? Liz Elspeth

8. Why using the nearest production prototype in perception?  Answer: “likelihood maximisation”: choose the most likely produced category, given a certain F1 & duration  Functional principle: “minimise the probability of perceptual confusion”

9. How Elspeth and Liz perceive the segments reliably [350 Hz, 80 ms] 350 Hz not /I/ 80 ms not /i/ 80 ms not /I/ 350 Hz not /i/ /I/*!*  /i/ ** [350 Hz, 80 ms] 350 Hz not /i/ 80 ms not /i/ 80 ms not /I/ 350 Hz not /I/  /I/ ** /i/*!*

10. First stage of babies Elspeth and Liz

11. How baby Elspeth learns  Little Elspeth makes a mistake when categorising [350 Hz, 80 ms] [350 Hz, 80 ms] 350 Hz not /i/ 80 ms not /i/ 80 ms not /I/ 350 Hz not /I/  /I/ ** **  /i/*!  **

12. How little Elspeth learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep” reliably (1)

13. How little Elspeth learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep” reliably (2)

14. How little Elspeth learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep” reliably (3)

15. How little Elspeth learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep” reliably (4)

16. How little Elspeth learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep” reliably (5)

17. How little Elspeth learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep” reliably (6)

18. How little Liz learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep” reliably (1)

19. How little Liz learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep” reliably (2)

20. How little Liz learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep” reliably (3)

21. How little Liz learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep” reliably (4)

22. How little Liz learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep” reliably (5)

23. How little Liz learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep” reliably (6)

24. The perception of real adult Elspeth and Liz

25. What about L1-Spanish Isabel, who moves to Scotland and then to Southern England?

26. Isabel’s production environment (Spanish)

27. Isabel’s adult perception (Spanish)

28. Isabel’s new production environment (Scottish English)

29. How Isabel learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep”

30. Isabel’s new production environment (Southern English)

31. How Isabel learns to perceive “ship” and “sheep”

32. Three types of real L2 categorisation Spectral reliance onlyDuration reliance onlyCue integration

33. Summary  For our perception model, we assumed: 1) Perception is handled by an OT grammar 2) Its acquisition is handled by the GLA 3) L2 learners start by copying their L1 grammar  With these assumptions, we can model: 1) L1 Scottish and Southern English 2) L2 Scottish and Southern English, partially

34. Conclusion  Cue reliance depends on cue reliability, or a) Differences in the production environment account for differences in perception. b) Changes in the production environment lead to changes in perception.  The functional principle underlying this production-perception dependence is “minimisation of perceptual confusion”.  This functional principle follows from our formal modelling of the perception grammar.

35. Thank you for your attention!