1. Issue Discussion: Accelerator Applications Stuart Henderson Fermilab Superconducting Particle Accelerator Forum of the Americas November 13, 2012

2. Particle Accelerators Impact Our Lives 2 Discovery Science Medicine National Security Industry Energy and Environment Accelerators and Beams

3. Applications: Now Industry Ion implantation E-beam processing Medical Cancer therapy Medical isotope production Security Cargo scanning/screening 3 All the products that are processed, treated or inspected by particle beams have an annual value exceeding US$500B. See “Industrial Accelerators & Their Applications”, edited by R. W. Hamm & M. E. Hamm, World Scientific Publishing, 2012.

4. Applications of the Future? Industrial/Environmental E-beam treatment of water, sewage, flue gas Needs:  Compact and Reliable  High beam power  Energy efficient Medical Very compact sources of electrons/x-rays/protons Carbon therapy Needs:  Compact machine and gantry  Controls and instrumentation 4 Energy Accelerator Driven Systems  Little or no federal interest Needs Very high reliability Security THz radiation sources Defense and detection Needs  Compact  Multiple probes  Fieldable, rugged

5. Connecting the Dots: From Science to Application 5

6. Discussion Topics Jim S: “Get out of the Ivory Tower of labs and mix it up with industry” How can IARC help you develop the next applications? Are there other applications that are on your radar screen? What do you see as the opportunities that can benefit from IARC and Fermilab collaboration? How can we develop that feedback loop? 6

7. S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 20127

8. Accelerators are Essential Tools in Industry A wide-range of industrial applications makes use of accelerator- produced beams for S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 2012  Semiconductor (chip) manufacturing  Cross-linking and polymerization for tires, rubber, plastics  Sterilization of medical products  Food irradiation for disinfection, extension of shelf-life or sterilization  Welding/hardening, cutting and drilling  High energy X-ray inspection There are ~20,000 industrial accelerators Annual Market for industrial accelerator systems: $1.9 B Annual value of all products that make use of accelerator technology: $500B 8 Applied Materials, Inc.

9. Accelerators are Essential Tools for Medical Treatment and Diagnosis S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 2012 Tens of millions of patients receive accelerator-based diagnoses and treatments each year 50 medical isotopes, used for diagnosis and treatment, are routinely produced with accelerators There are ~9000 medical accelerators in operation in the world Annual market for medical accelerator systems: $4 B 9 Siemens Eclipse Cyclotron (11 MeV) marketed for PET isotope production

10. Accelerators for National Security Accelerators are used for cargo scanning and “active interrogation” to detect special materials S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 2012 …and in Nuclear Defense: stockpile stewardship, materials characterization, radiography, and support of non-proliferation 10 Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test Facility, Los Alamos

11. Accelerators in Discovery Science From understanding the building blocks of matter… …to the way biology works… …to art history… Van Gogh, Patch of Grass, 1887 Atomic structure of ribosomal subunit Nearly 30% of Nobel Prizes in Physics since 1939 utilized or were influenced by accelerators (39 of 141) On average accelerator-motivated research yields a Nobel Prize every 3 years 4 of last 14 Nobel Prizes in Chemistry for research utilizing accelerator facilities S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 2012 11

12. What Are the Applications of the Future? S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 201212

13. DOE Office of Science Research is Building the Foundation for Tomorrow’s Accelerator Applications S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 201213

14. Accelerators for the Environment Accelerators can purify drinking water and treat waste water disinfect sewage sludge, clean power-plant emissions by removing NO X and SO X from flue gases with high efficiency R&D on new technologies, such as those based on superconducting radiofrequency accelerators, may lead to better and more cost-effective approaches S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 201214

15. Accelerators for Energy 15 Accelerators play a pivotal role in the nation’s energy future by serving as essential tools for materials characterization at the DOE-SC user facilities Accelerators have tremendous potential – largely untapped thus far – in the Energy Sector: Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactors (based on superconducting particle accelerators) can transmute nuclear waste so it is much safer and simpler to store, while at the same time generating electrical power  This technology is actively pursued in Europe, China, India Future nuclear plants require materials capable of withstanding very harsh radiation environments. Accelerator-based irradiation facilities can provide realistic test- beds Generating electrical power from nuclear fusion by utilizing particle accelerators MYRRHA Accelerator Driven Reactor Project, Mol, Belgium S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 2012

16. Accelerators for National Security and Defense Accelerators based on superconducting radio-frequency technology are being developed to produce high power laser beams for defense 16 Accelerator laboratories and technologies have the potential to make significant contributions to the needs of defense and security New accelerators are under development to produce “Terahertz” radiation sources for scanning S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 2012

17. Accelerators for Medical Applications 17 Radioisotope production Particle accelerators already are used to produce ~50 medical isotopes. New high power accelerators based on superconducting radio- frequency technology can be used to solve specific problems:  Tenuous supply chain for clinically relevant fission-produced radioisotopes such as 99 Mo/ 99m Tc (most commonly used radioisotope)  Production of new clinically relevant isotopes Beam therapy Researchers are exploring the potential of carbon ion beams for cancer therapy  Higher biological effectiveness  Superior dose distribution The U.S. does not have a carbon therapy facility, whereas several have been built oversees S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 2012

18. Accelerators for Medical Applications There is much activity at the labs to develop new, compact types of particle accelerators which have the potential for very compact (and less expensive) sources of x-rays, electrons and protons for cancer therapy and other applications 18 W. Leemans, LBNL One billion volt accelerator (1.3 inches long) Concept for compact proton therapy accelerator, LLNL

19. Accelerator Technology for Discovery Science DOE-SC’s programs in accelerator R&D enable the next generation scientific user facilities that will lead to tomorrow’s discoveries 19 NOvA Long-Baseline Neutrino Expt. Project X Next-Generation Light Source, LBNL Muon to Electron Conversion NSLS-II, BNL 12 GeV Upgrade, TJNAF

20. Making the Connections: the Illinois Accelerator Research Center (IARC) IARC is a new facility, expected to come online in FY15, depending on funding IARC is a partnership between the DOE and State of Illinois with a mission to bring together Industry, Universities and Fermilab to develop, demonstrate and transfer accelerator technology to solve problems of national importance in medicine, industry, energy, environment, security and discovery science S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 201220

21. Summary Accelerator Technology developed at the laboratories through DOE/High Energy Physics and the other SC programs will have a tremendous impact on Discovery Science But those same breakthroughs will have a reach that goes far beyond, benefitting society in direct and tangible ways by enabling transformative approaches in medicine, energy, environment, industry and national security S. Henderson, SPAFOA, June 20, 201221