1. Hand book on prevention and control of Avian Influenza in State of Osun

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS  Title Page  Table of contents  Brief Introduction of Avian Influenza  Background and History of Avian Influenza in Nigeria  Pre-disposing factors  Mode of Transmission/Symptoms  Economic loss  Preventive steps  What to do?(Emergency contact Numbers) Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 2

3. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS AVIAN INFLUENZA  Nigeria poultry population is estimated at 140 million, with backyard farmers accounting for 60% of poultry producers.  Avian influenza is a disease caused by viruses adapted to birds and other species. The virus infects all domestic and wild birds characterized by respiratory, digestive and in some cases nervous signs and high morbidity and mortality. Incubation period ranges from a few hours to 2 weeks depending on the virus dose, route of infection and species of birds.  These viruses can be divided into highly pathogenic (HPAI) and low pathogenic (LPAI) strains based on its ability to cause disease in poultry.  Influenza viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins that they have on their surface; Haemaglutinin (H) Neuraminidase (N) Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 3

4. INTRODUCTION OF A.I CONTD  The H5N1 virus is the strain of avian influenza is the most common and deadliest which has infected numerous species of birds in Asia, Europe and Africa since the end of 2003.  H5N1 strain can be transmitted to humans, although this is very difficult unless they come into close contact with infected birds.  The H5N1 infection may follow an unusually aggressive clinical course, with rapid deterioration and high fatality. Primary viral pneumonia and multiple organ failure have been common among people who have become ill with H5N1 influenza. Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 4

5. BACKGROUND & HISTORY OF AVIAN INFLUENZA IN NIGERIA  The first reported outbreak of AI in Nigeria was in February, 2006.  Prior to that scores of local poultry were reported to have been dying in Jigawa state between December, 2005 and early January 2006, from a strange disease that was more devastating than Newcastle disease.  However,the first confirmed case of AI was found at Kaduna on January 14th 2006,later Kano state with birds reported dying due to an unknown disease condition from which chemotherapy and supportive care proved abortive in many cases.  In total, 480,378 birds were lost in 34 outbreaks recorded in four states between the period of January and March 2006. Chickens accounted for more than 99% of all the birds affected followed by guinea fowls and turkeys. More than 60% of the birds affected were adults. Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 5

6. INFORMATION ON RECENT OUTBREAK  As of 17 th January, there are total of 15 confirmed cases traced to some small farms in six states.  The states are; Delta, Ogun, Lagos, Kano, Rivers and Jigawa.  The farms are each per state except Lagos and Kano which also includes live birds market.  Birds in the affected farms have been destroyed as first precaution and other measure have been instituted.  The federal ministry of agriculture have assured the situation is not worrisome and under control.  No human infection has been reported yet. Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 6

7. PREDISPOSING FACTORS  Poor bio-security measures and controls on farms  Poor hygiene  Poor pest and rodent control practices at various levels of poultry value chain  Lack of quarantine services at the international and inter states control post  Illegal importation of animal and animal by products  Migratory birds(Wild birds)  Poor disease surveillance, information gathering systems and monitoring  Indiscriminate transport of birds from point to point by live birds marketers Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 7

8. SYMPTOMS OF AVIAN INFLUENZA  Depression and droopiness  Discoloration of comb and wattles  Oedema and swelling of head, eye lids, combs, wattles and hocks.  Watery diarrhea and ruffled feather  Bloody or watery discharge from nose or beak  Sudden fall in egg production  Loss of appetite  Eggs with soft or deformed shell. Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 8

9. MODE OF TRANSMISSION  Direct contact of other birds/animals with the secretion and excretion of infected birds.  Direct contact of domestic birds with contaminated carcasses, manure, or poultry by-products  Direct contact of domestic birds with people (e.g. shoes, clothing), equipment (e.g. cages, vehicles), insects, rodents or other agents contaminated with the virus.  Direct contact of other birds with infected migratory birds. Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 9

10. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF AVIAN INFLUENZA  Socio-economic Impact, an Avian Influenza outbreak would create general panic among the public which would lead to boycott of poultry products such as live stock trading, restaurants and fast food, and would result in sharp decline in sales and prices.  An Avian Influenza outbreak would lead to unemployment, as most farm would close down, other poultry related industries would also be affected.  Mainly, the poultry Feed industry would also be greatly affected as prices and other related products used in formulation of feeds would drop drastically.  All the above mentioned points would affect the economy of the Nation as a whole Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 10

11. PREVENTIVE MEASURES ACROSS THE POULTRY VALUE CHAIN: BREEDER FARMS  Preventive vaccination  Limit or control human traffic access to the farm.  Ensure sick birds are isolated and no contacts with poultry and other captive birds within the boundaries  Proper disposal of mortalities (bury or incinerate).  Proper hygiene pre and post poultry handling.  Proper poultry waste disposal.  Provide protective clothes and boots to visitors.  Proper disinfection of farm workers, visitors and vehicles before entering Farm.  Daily fumigation and disinfection of work areas and equipment  Proper feed storage and handling  Practice effective pest and rodent control strategies Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 11

12. PREVENTIVE MEASURES ACROSS THE POULTRY VALUE CHAIN: HATCHERY  Do not receive nor store eggs from suspected farms  Limit or control human traffic access to the hatchery especially during pull out operation.  Proper hygiene pre and post egg handling.  Proper hatchery waste disposal. Incineration is the best.  Provide protective clothes and boots to visitors if entry is compulsory.  Proper disinfection of farm workers, visitors and vehicles before entering farm.  Daily fumigation of work areas, equipment and machineries  Maintain proper sanitary practice pre and post hatching operations Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 12

13. PREVENTIVE MEASURES ACROSS THE POULTRY VALUE CHAIN: FEED MILLS  Maintain proper and effective sanitation practices in raw ingredient, production and feed storage areas  Practice effective pest and rodent control strategies  Limit access of pest and wild birds to finished feed storage areas  Ensure periodic fumigation of feed handling areas  Employees must practice good personal hygiene Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 13

14. PREVENTIVE MEASURES ACROSS THE POULTRY VALUE CHAIN: COMMERCIAL REARING  Limit or control human traffic access to the farm.  Proper disposal of mortalities (bury or incinerate).  Proper hygiene pre and post poultry handling.  Proper poultry waste disposal.  Provide protective clothes and boots to visitors.  Proper disinfection of farm workers, visitors and vehicles before entering Farm.  Do not add birds from different sources together.  Do not add new acquisition to your flock without quarantine.  Do not exchange or borrow farm inputs and equipment from other farms.  Do not compromise the source of your feed, source from reliable Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 14

15. PREVENTIVE MEASURES ACROSS THE POULTRY VALUE CHAIN: COMMERCIAL REARING  Proper storage of feed  Put in place adequate bio-security measures in feed and farm input haulage.  Isolate sick birds immediately from the flock.  Keep away wild life, game birds, rodents and other pets away from the farm.  Have an active pest and rodent control program  Proper housing/netting of the birds to prevent exposure to wild birds, rodents e.t.c  Proper sensitization of Farmers/Attendants  Proper disease monitoring, reporting and surveillance. Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 15

16. PREVENTIVE MEASURES ACROSS THE POULTRY VALUE CHAIN: LIVE BIRDS MARKETS  Do not buy birds from sick flocks  Get accurate and concise birds history before purchase and sale  Maintain good market hygiene  Proper periodic disinfection/fumigation of market  Active surveillance of live birds market activities by relevant regulatory authorities  Establish limit to movement from farm to farm and market to market  Active training of market women on inherent risk and control measures Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 16

17. NEED TO COME TOGETHER TO PREVENT AVIAN INFLUENZA IN STATE OF OSUN. Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 17

18. NEED TO COME TOGETHER TO PREVENT AVIAN INFLUENZA IN STATE OF OSUN.  Food security and poverty alleviation  Savings in potential outbreak costs and avoided economic damages.  Maintaining the trade and market access.  Reduction in the levels of infection.  No Government compensation can restore losses.  Dangerous to humans. Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 18

19. Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 19

20. WHAT TO DO? EMERGENCY CONTACT NUMBERS  Report promptly symptoms, strange birds behavior and high mortalities to desk officers highlighted below;  Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security - 08034110361  TUNS Farms - 08057496069  PAN - 08035012975 Handbook on prevention and control of avian influenza in the State of Osun.....sponsored by TUNS Farms Nig. Ltd 20