1. 2013, 23 May in Sudak, update in Tarusa, 9 July
Update to “Planetary Protection and Human Exploration to Interplanetary Destinations Enabled by Lunar Swingbys and Libration-Point Orbits”
David W. Dunham
KinetX, Inc. and
Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics of the National Research University, Higher School of Economics
2013, 23 May in Sudak, update in Tarusa, 9 July

2. Appropriate Sayings
Don’t wait until problems accumulate and cause a lot of trouble before trying to solve them from “Contract on a Seasonal Basis”
In this world, things are complicated and decided by many factors. We should look at problems from different aspects, not from just one from “On the Negotiations”
The world is yours, as well as ours, but in the last analysis, it is yours. You young people, full of vigor and vitality, are in the bloom of life, like the Sun at 8 or 9 in the morning. Our hope is placed on you form a talk at a meeting with students and trainees in Moscow

3. Appropriate Sayings
Don’t wait until problems accumulate and cause a lot of trouble before trying to solve them from “Contract on a Seasonal Basis”
In this world, things are complicated and decided by many factors. We should look at problems from different aspects, not from just one. - - from “On the Chunking Negotiations”
The world is yours, as well as ours, but in the last analysis, it is yours. You young people, full of vigor and vitality, are in the bloom of life, like the Sun at 8 or 9 in the morning. Our hope is placed on you from a talk at a meeting with Chinese students and trainees in Moscow
Quotations from Chairman Mao Tsetung
We are going to present our work at IAC2013 in Beijing

4. Overview
Lunar grazing occultation of  Piscium observed south of Voronezh June 2
Important papers on Planetary Defense, the idea of a NEO warning satellite in a Sun-Earth L1 halo orbit, are in final stages and will appear soon
An important paper on extending human exploration beyond the Moon has been accepted for publication in JAS; we are responding to referee suggestions for minor modifications.
ISEE-3/ICE meeting July 25th at Goddard Space Flight Center to try to solve the financial and technical problems
New project to study forests from space starting in September; initial funds from KinetX, but will involve the Canadian Space Agency, which is very interested in this work
A possible new study, to send several nano- and micro-satellites to Comet Wirtanen in December 2018, collaborating with the Japanese NESTRA group and/or others who may be interested

5. David W. Dunham and Vladimir Belousov
2013 June 2nd Grazing Occultation of  Piscium = ZC Near Mozhayskoye, about 50 km s.e. of Voronezh, s.w. Russia At 4:13am Moscow time, the 4.5-mag. star grazed 1 from the north cusp of 37% sunlit waxing Moon 19 above e. horizon, Sun alt. -7
David W. Dunham
and Vladimir Belousov

6. Lunar Profile for the Graze

7. SkippySky Weather Forecast

8. Map, Moscow to Mozhayskoye
From Kurskaya Station in
Moscow, I rode in a train to Tula,
Where Vladimir met me. He
drove us south on the M2
highway about 30km to the
2-lane P141 highway that we
drove on for 100 km to join the
M4 highway (Interstate quality)
just southeast of Yefremov. Then
we drove south on M4 through
Voronezh to the graze site near
the exit to Mozhayskoye, a
distance of a little more than
400 km from Tula. M2
P141
 Yefremov M4
 Mozhayskoye M4

9. Leaving Tula

10. 2013 June 2 Graze Path M4
 Mozhayskoye M4

11. Trees along P141 highway

12. Open spaces along P141 hwy

13. Church at Yefremov

14. Thunderstorm from M4 highway

15. 2013 June 2 Graze Path
 Mozhayskoye

16. Google Map Graze Zone Detail

17. Northern midi about 60m north

18. Moon after the graze

19. After the graze

20. After the graze (then show video)

22. Lunar Grazing Occultation of Spica western Russia, 2013 Dec
Lunar Grazing Occultation of Spica western Russia, 2013 Dec. 27, 6am, Moon 34% sunlit, alt. 14

23. Lunar Grazing Occultation of Spica northeast of Moscow, 2013 Dec
Lunar Grazing Occultation of Spica northeast of Moscow, 2013 Dec. 27, 6am, Moon 34% sunlit, alt. 14

24. Predicted Kaguya Profile for the Dec. 27th Spica Graze

25. Laboratory of Space Research, Technologies, Systems and Processes
Sun-Earth L1 Space Telescope as a Tool to Provide Warning of Hazardous Asteroids
From a talk given
5 April 2013, IKI
David W. Dunham
Lead Scientist,
Laboratory of Space Research, Technologies, Systems and Processes
Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics of National Research University “Higher School of Economics”

26. Sentinel Mission
Bob Arentz from Ball Aerospace gave a good seminar about this mission at MIEM and at the Institute for Astronomy last month
50-cm (20-inch) Infrared Telescope in an orbit around the Sun at the distance of Venus
Launch in 2018, nominal 6.5 year mission lifetime
Continuously scan the sky opposite the Sun
Sensitive to Near Earth Asteroids as small as 30-meter diameter
Determine their positions and orbits to map their future locations to look for possible threats
Will also enable a new era in characterization and exploration of the NEO population through discovery of NEAs that are easy to visit and return to Earth
NASA collaboration through Space Act Agreement

29. SEntineL1 for “Bolts out of the Blue”
NASA has put out a special call for ideas for planetary defense; I will submit this to them by their July 18th deadline
Chelyabinsk showed that even asteroids as small as 15m can cause extensive damage
There are several million NEA’s larger than 15m
The surveys are finding less than 1% of these objects
They are too small to observe at large distances, so
They can only be seen when they pass near the Earth
Since many have Earth-like orbits with periods near a year, it will be centuries before a large fraction of them could be found with current technology

30. Approaching NEO Coverage from All Sources

31. Publications for Extending Human Exploration beyond the Moon’s Orbit
Article should appear in J. of Astronautical Sciences by year’s end
Farquhar will give a presentation to William Gerstenmaier, NASA Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations, in August, showing some of YOUR work
Further information about our work will be presented at IAC in Beijing in September, and we will submit publications based on that work; the conference papers are due September 4

32. Ideas for Extending Human Exploration beyond the Moon’s Orbit
Servicing Space Observatories near Sun-Earth L2 was the original first suggested effort
Now first missions will likely be to Earth-Moon L2 orbits, like we have been calculating
Double Lunar Swingby Orbits, for transfers and for moving the line of apsides
Phasing Orbit Rendezvous
Interplanetary Transfer Vehicle
Rendezvous with a Near-Earth Asteroid
Ideas developed under International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) exploration working group
International collaboration will be essential for the success of such a large effort

33. Work for Extending Human Exploration beyond the Moon’s Orbit
Our team has computed many good trajectories from the Earth to a 10,000 x 10,000 km Lissajous orbit, with return to the Earth at different optimized times from this orbit using a powered (S2) lunar swingby
The next important step is to repeat the above for a periodic halo orbit about the Earth-Moon L2 point.
Computing a quasi-periodic orbit about the Earth-Moon L2 point is not easy; we want to return to the same rotating frame X at the Y=0 plane crossing, with both Xdot and Zdot = 0, after two revolutions in the orbit.
University of Arizona colleagues are trying to program Farquhar and Kamal’s 3rd-order theory in order to obtain better initial conditions for the task above.
The next tasks will be to transfer from the Earth-Moon L2 orbits to a double-lunar swingby trajectory, or to a Sun-Earth L2 orbit, to allow reusable vehicles to line up departure asymptotes to go to near-Earth asteroids and to Mars.
Others have publications on transferring between the different libration-point orbits that we need to study.

34. 17-day Trajectory to Earth-Moon L2 Region Rotating lunar orbit-plane view with fixed horizontal Earth-Moon line
Total post-launch
V 386 m/s 
Return
July 10, 2021
S1 June 27
h 49 km, V 191 m/s
S2 July 6
h 50 km, V 171 m/s 
Earth
Launch
June 23, 2021
C km2/s2
Moon L2  
Orbit normal
V 24 m/s
July 4 

35. Interplanetary Transfer Vehicle Mission Scenario
Sun-Earth L2
Halo Orbit
Phasing trajectories using lunar gravity-assist maneuvers.
Phasing trajectories using lunar gravity-assist maneuvers.
Crew Earth return via Apollo-style capsule
Perigee ∆V for Earth capture
Crew arrival via DSS “taxi
Perigee ∆V for Earth escape
Destinations
Near-Earth Asteroids
Phobos/Deimos
Mars

36. Five-Month Mission to Near-Earth Asteroid

37. ISEE-3 Spacecraft
Meeting at Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland July 25, to see
how funds for a small control center can be found, and how the spacecraft commands can be generated from available information.

39. From 2012 May To Sun Earth (lunar swingby, Aug. 10, 2014)
Rotating Ecliptic Plane View
relative to fixed horizontal
Sun-Earth line
June 13, 2012
Out-of-plane V
2.82 m/s
Perihelion,
May 1, 2012
In-plane V 1.25 m/s

40. ISEE-3/ICE return in 2014 with no maneuver
After this Earth swingby,
The heliocentric period will be days;
ISEE-3/ICE would then return to the Earth’s vicinity after 14 revolutions in 15 years, in August 2029.
Perigee
2014 Aug. 9, 11:43 UT
Dist. 63 Re
Icenomnl.jpg

41. Capture S6 Lunar Swingby, 2014 August 10
Periselene,
20:06.0 UT,
h = 97 km,
Start of eclipse,
20:06.7 U.T.
End
Eclipse
20:35.6 UT
V only 0.01 m/s
1 day after eclipse end
View looking
towards
the Sun

42. ISEE-3/ICE to “halo” orbit in 2014
Far x-axis crossings
2014 Dec. 31, Dist. 255 Re
2015 July 1, Dist. 269 Re
2015 Dec. 28, Dist. 267 Re
Near x-axis crossings
2015 Mar. 30, Dist. 178 Re
2015 Sept. 29, Dist. 188 Re
End
2016
Jan. 17
Perigee Oct. 26
Dist Re
S6 Aug. 10, 20:47 UT
h 117 km, Z +205 km
Perigee Aug. 9,
4:57 UT, 27 Re
2013 Nov. 4, 17:00 UT
V 4.69 m/s
-2.94 m/s in V direction
-3.65 m/s normal to
the heliocentric orbit
Mathematical V
m/s
1 day after S6
Apogee Sept. 16
Dist Re
icetrg9n

43. V needed to reach the S6 lunar swingby

44. Forestry from Space
This is a new project for the laboratory that will begin in September
It will start as a small project, funded by KinetX
There is strong interest in this project in Canada
Canada and Russia have the largest northern forests in the world
Therefore, this is a good project for international collaboration between the two countries
In addition, Alfred McEwen at the University of Arizona is an expert on space sensors that could be used on this project
This would strengthen MIEM/HSE’s collaboration with U. of AZ
Perhaps Prof. McEwen could travel to Moscow with Roberto Furfaro in early September?

45. World Map of Forests

46. Meeting at our Laboratory
Minutes of 2013 July 4
Meeting at our Laboratory
By July 25, 2013, prepare and
agree to the terms of reference
for the project “Forestry from
Space”.
By 15 August 2013, prepare
proposals on the participation
of the scientific team at the
Laboratory Project “Forestry
from Space”.
By August 27, 2013, agree with the
company KinetX (USA) draft
contract to conduct applied research
in the field of sensor or set of sensors
mounted on the spacecraft to save
the forests, fires and prevent the
threat of pollution and other uses of
forest protection

47. Statement of Work: Forestry from Space (1)
Description: We are interested in what services could be provided by a
sensor or set of sensors in space for forestry industries. This would include
(but not necessarily limited to) services in the following areas:
Forest health
State of combustibles and fire risk
Identification of start time and location, and status, of forest fires
Identification of insect infestation
Identification of illegal logging operations (cutting down trees)
Keep in mind the later possible use of the data for agriculture
Assumptions:
Satellites will be in a low-Earth orbit; 700 km to 1100 km. Circular orbits are preferred,
but elliptical orbits might be considered. The orbital inclination should be high enough to
cover all forested areas of interest [could be, but not necessarily, polar (incl. 90) or sun-
synchronous (incl. 97).
Sensor types to consider: Infra-Red, Multi-Spectral, Hyperspectral. Start with existing
sensors with high TRL. If products could be vastly improved by modifications to existing
sensors, include that in your work. What resolution (spatial, temporal, and wavelength)
are needed to accomplish the goals above? The orbital and sensor requirements would
derive from these goals.
Perform analyses for a) one satellite b) multiple satellites c) constellation of satellites. Perform
trade studies to optimize the distribution of satellites.
Do not worry about how to get the data to the ground, but make some reasonable calculations of
the amount of data that would be generated.

48. Statement of Work: Forestry from Space (2)
Deliverables:
A document containing the following:
A description of the analyses done
A list of specific products that could be provided for forestry in general. Include:
Sensor type and specification used to generate data for product
Required work to generate the necessary information from the raw data
The satellite, or satellite configurations, needed to gather the data
The orbital characteristics required to gather the data
Any suggested improvements to sensors that would allow developing additional products or
enhance existing ones
List of potential customers for the data in Russia
Recommendations for further analysis and for steps forward for discussions with customers.
Weekly status (can be conference call; does not need to be written)
Schedule: (2013)
Project kick-off: 27 August (Tuesday) – [more likely 30 August (Friday)]
Status Meeting 1: 15 October (Tuesday)
Status Meeting 2: 20 November (Wednesday)
Final Delivery and Review: 20 December (Friday)
This project, generating products of use to a wide range of companies in Canada, Russia, and
elsewhere, should put our Laboratory on a stronger financial basis than can be expected from
planetary defense or human exploration. The potential is huge.

54. Interplanetary Ideas for Microsatellites
NESTRA is interested in ideas for how their microsatellites might be used in an interplanetary mission that would generate worldwide interest; they are willing to fund research to develop such missions.
The active comet Wirtanen will pass only 0.08 AU from Earth in December 2018; we are suggesting to NESTRA that we could design a mission to that comet with several of their small spacecraft, to study for the first time the 3-dimensional structure and composition of the coma of this comet. The next two slides show the low-energy orbit that can reach the comet, and return to the Earth.
Another idea would be to land 3 or more microsatellites, with seismometers, on the surface of an easily accessible near-Earth asteroid. Another microsatellite would crash into the asteroid; the seismometers would then measure the shock wave arrival times and structure at each site, from which the asteroid’s internal structure could be determined.
If NESTRA isn’t interested in these ideas, other microsat manufactures, in France, Russia, and perhaps elsewhere, might be.

55. Trajectory to Wirtanen
Wirtanen flyby 2018 Dec. 16, 11h UT
phase angle 96.3, Vrel km/s
MAnE case 323
Comet
Wirtanen 
2month_loops_to_wirtanen_2.jpg

56. 2-month orbit to Wirtanen, near Earth
Perigee Dec. 3, r = 4.43 Re
Perigee Jan. 31, r = 2.16 Re
Perigee April 5, r = 3.26 Re
Periselene 2018 April 8, h = 50 km  
 To Sun 
2month_loops_to_wirtanen_1.jpg