1. Dr. Matt Hersom Dept. of Animal Sciences

2. Bull Management General Thoughts on Management Nutritional Stages Feeding Examples

3. Thoughts on bull management Turn bulls out that are similar in age and size – Yearlings – 2 yr old – 3 yr old – mature Ideally, in multi-sire groups, turn young bulls out in groups that where raised together – Social order will be established Fertility is a complex trait to access

4. What makes one bull more fertile than another? Semen quality – breeding soundness exam Libido- desire to mate Serving capacity- ability to mate Ideally, a bull should have all three – Unfortunately libido and serving capacity do not correlate well to BSE test results! Are bulls that look masculine more fertile?

5. Myths about Serving Capacity and Libido Level of testosterone Degree of muscling Coarseness of hair Size of neck crest NONE of these indicate nor predict libido or serving capacity! Wiltbank, 1977 (unpublished)

6. Serving Capacity and Libido Research suggest that: 2 yr old bulls of known serving capacity 60 day breeding season 1:50 bull to cow ratio High serving capacity bulls = 83% preg rate Low serving capacity bulls = 67% preg rate

7. Serving Capacity and Libido Research suggest that: – High serving capacity bulls have a 60-90 lb increase in lbs of calf weaned/cow exposed Higher pregnancy rates Earlier conception rates Purchase fewer bulls Hard to access Observation during the breeding season is the best we can currently do

8. Breeding Pressure 1:25 or 1:30 is typical breeding ratio – can be wasteful – if serving capacity is known this ratio can be 1:40 or higher

9. What about using yearling bulls? Disadvantages Yearling bulls will lose more weight – 100-400 lbs Require more feed for reconditioning Yearling bulls tend to fall in love If used hard as a yearling they look “rough” until they are 4-5 years old

10. What about using yearling bulls? Advantages You increase the number of calves from a bull – reduces bull cost Higher libido Yearling bulls generally cost less Yearling bulls are less “picked over”

11. What about using yearling bulls? Recommendations Yearling bull breeding pressure should equal months of age – 12 month bull = 12 cows – 18 month bull = 18 cows – 2 year old bull = 24 cows

12. What about rotating bulls? As bulls become thin remove them and replace with a bull in better shape – Thin bulls are the ones doing the work – Likely your high libido bulls – Likely your high serving capacity bulls – Frequent ejaculation does not reduce sperm quality or numbers – Introducing new bulls will increase fighting Questionable practice???

13. What about rotating bulls? Might be a good idea for yearling bulls – “All in all out” would be best – Turn out young bulls at the end of the breeding season (last 30 days) Won’t work well if the last 30 days is in July

14. Culling Bulls – When is a bull too old? Semen quality starts to decline at 6-7 yrs Bulls lose their social dominance to younger bulls Bulls physical ability to mate begins to decline – heavy fronted – feet and leg problems associated with size and weight

15. Disease Prevention Vaccinate bulls for the same diseases that you would vaccinate breeding females – leptospirosis – Vibriosis – 4 way viral Internal and external parasite control One month quarantine for new bulls Introduce only virgin bulls to prevent trichomoniasis

16. Feeding Bulls – Are you doing the right thing? In herds with two breeding seasons bulls may need a higher plane of nutrition to recover condition more quickly Supplementation of mature bulls may depend on type of breeding program – Terminal – more supplement is acceptable – Maternal – would like them to make it on the same thing the cows are surviving on

17. Diet Considerations for Bulls Growth / Development High Energy Concentrate based Low-Minimal Roughage Free Choice / Program Fed Minimal Physical Activity Encourages Maximal Growth and Overall Condition Bull Test Diet Maintenance / Function Generally similar to Cow Ration High Roughage / Grazing Minimal Concentrate High Physical Demand Management Opportunity to Transition from Development to Herd Status Plan Ahead

18. Diet Effects on Bull Fertility High energy diets fed to young bulls: – increase sperm abnormalities – decrease sperm motility Deposition of fat within the scrotal tissue and around the neck of the scrotum reduces radiation of heat High energy diets increase scrotal surface temp These effects are rarely permanent Seen more often in bulls with higher genetic potential to get fat = British breeds

19. Can Bulls Get Too Thin? BCSBSE pass rates <455% 470% 572% 667% >662% Adapted from Barling et al., 1998

20. Young Bulls 12 months to 2 years of age Many will be “fleshy” – Performance testing, marketing – Let down (~ 6 months) Provide plenty of exercise Gradually  grain,  roughage – Ideal BCS before turnout = 5-6 Will lose weight during 1 st breeding season – Cow chasers

21. “ Letting Down Purchased Bull” Critical Period – Coming off high-energy diet – Growth considerations – Diet transition – Metabolic/Physiological transition – Exercise opportunity

22. Bull Nutrition: Scenario 1 “ Letting Down Purchased Bull” Purchased bull at 18 months and 1,400 lb. Growth continues to 1,500 lb target in 4 months. Utilize bull at 24 months. How do we feed and manage him. – Brangus, BCS=6 – Mature BW=2,000 lb – DMI=25 lb

23. Bull Nutrition: Scenario 1 “ Letting Down Purchased Bull” Option #1Lb of feed Option #2Lb of feed Option #3Lb of feed Grass Past10Grass Past10Grass Past10 Grass Hay7 7 7 Soybean Hulls4Wheat Midds2Corn3 Corn Gluten Feed4Citrus Pulp4DDGS4 Molasses0.5SBM2Urea0.25 Estimated Average Daily Gain, lb/d Month 11.121.131.03 Month 21.131.14 Month 31.061.081.19 Month 41.010.991.07

24. Bull Nutrition: Scenario 2 “Recondition a Terminal Sire Type Bull” Reconditioning a mature bull after breeding season. End Breeding Season (July) 1,700 lb, BCS=4 End of Summer Grazing (October) Start Breeding Season (February) 2,000 lb, BCS=6 90 days

25. Bull Nutrition: Scenario 2 “Recondition a Terminal Sire Type Bull” MonthPasture/HaySBH/CGF/MOLWM/CP/SBMCorn/DDG/Urea Supp Feeds, lb2.5 / 2.5 / 0.12.0 / 2.0 / 1.02.5 / 2.5 / 0.0 Graze DMI, lb3025 Predicted ADG, lb/d August0.831.151.181.24 September0.821.141.171.23 October0.771.101.131.19 Supp Feeds, lb10 / 10 / 19 / 9 / 18 / 8 / 0.2 Graze DMI, lb30101114 Predicted ADG, lb/d November0.292.202.14 December0.292.202.14 January0.292.212.152.14

26. Bull Nutrition: Scenario 3 “Utilized Yearling Bull” Reconditioning a yearling bull after breeding season. Yearling Bull April Turn-out 1,200 lb, BCS=5 End of Breeding Season (July) 900 lb, BCS=3 Start Breeding Season (April) 1,500 lb, BCS=6 90 days 120 days End of Summer Grazing (Sept) 90 days Graze and Supplementation Feeding (Oct– April) 90 days

27. Bull Nutrition: Scenario 3 “Utilized Yearling Bull” MonthPasture IntakePredicted ADG, lb/d Initial Period BW=900; Initial Period BCS=3 July251.81 August251.68 September251.54 Assumptions: Pasture availability is not limiting. Intake potential greater than estimated for current BW Supplementation displaces pasture intake. 50 lb BW increases each month.

28. Bull Nutrition: Scenario 3 “Utilized Yearling Bull” MonthPasture Intake SBH/CGF/MOLWM/CP/SBMCorn/DDG/Urea Initial Period BW=1,050; Initial Period BCS=4 Supp Feeds, lb4.5 / 4.5 / 1.03.0 / 4.0 / 1.04.0 / 4.0 / 0.2 Predicted ADG, lb/d October182.212.332.49 November182.242.172.34 December192.222.162.30

29. Bull Nutrition: Scenario 3 “Utilized Yearling Bull” MonthPasture Intake SBH/CGF/MOLWM/CP/SBMCorn/DDG/Urea Initial Period BW=1,250; Initial Period BCS=5 Supp Feeds, lb5.0 / 5.0 / 1.0 5.0 / 5.0 / 0.3 Predicted ADG, lb/d January172.072.112.28 February171.972.112.08 March172.012.142.11 Initial Period BW=1,400; Initial Period BCS=6 6.0 / 6.0 / 1.05.5 / 6.0 / 1.56.0 / 6.0 / 0.3 April172.202.45

30. Bull Nutrition: Scenario 4 “Maintenance of Mature Bull” End the breeding season in July at 1,800 lb and BCS= 5. Start next breeding season in January at 2,000 lb and BCS 6. DMI = 35 lb Summer grazing, Fall grazing / low supplement

31. Bull Nutrition: Scenario 4 “Maintenance of Mature Bull” MonthPasture IntakeMolasses / UreaPredicted ADG, lb/d Initial Period BW=900; Initial Period BCS=3 July35--1.23 August341.0 / 0.11.22 September341.0 / 0.11.11 October341.0 / 0.11.04 November341.0 / 0.11.00 December341.0 / 0.11.03 January341.0 / 0.10.98 Assumptions: Pasture availability is not limiting.

32. Know your bull – Current bodyweight / body condition score – Expected mature bodyweight – Nutrient requirements / needs – Maternal vs. Terminal sire types Have a plan – Adequate pasture – Appropriate supplements – Nutritional management

33. Understand Individual Feeding Scenarios – Bull nutrition is a function of the Bull and his expected or past service – Heavy use of young bulls increases feeding requirements – Pasture alone is often not fully adequate to recondition bulls Think about the bull more than at purchase and turn-out. Think about the bull more than at purchase and turn-out.