1. Rangeland Management Training By Dan Robinett, USDA - USAID 7 Kabul, 2006

2. Do You Know Where This Place Is?

3. Or These Places?

4. They are Pictures From My Home in Arizona, America

5. Objectives of this Training Introduce Rangeland Management Combine Your Knowledge and Our Knowledge Together to Make New Knowledge Provide Definitions –Rangeland –Grazing –Rangeland Management Learn Rangeland Plants Understand How Plants Live and Grow Understand How Plants React to Grazing Understand Proper Grazing Practices

6. Rangeland Rangeland is land on which the native vegetation is predominantly grasses, grass-like plants, forbs or shrubs. It includes most deserts, grasslands, shrub- lands, alpine areas and savannahs

7. Grazing - Browsing Grazing and browsing are the process by which animals (sheep, goats, horses, deer, argali, ibex, etc.) eat plants to acquire nutrients and energy

8. Range Management Range management is the process by which people manage where, when and how often livestock graze. Range management is both a skill and a science.

9. Skill in Range Management The skill in range management involves knowing how much grazing that plants can tolerate, how much time they need to recover from grazing and how much time they need to reproduce.

10. Science in Rangeland Management Many sciences are involved in Rangeland Management. These include Botany, Biology, Soils, Hydrology, Geology, Plant physiology, Animal science, Climate studies, Chemistry and Mathematics.

11. Why Study Range Management? Over Half of Afghanistan is Rangeland Serious Problems Occur on These Rangelands Due to a Combination of Many Factors –Drought –Over grazing –Over harvesting of fuel –Soil erosion –Loss of productivity –Loss of biodiversity

12. How Can Range Management Help? This knowledge can help MAAHF / FRD staff work with communities in their area to –Teach them how plants live and grow –Teach them how to graze properly Good range management practices will allow rangelands to recover and will –Increase productivity –Reduce soil erosion –Improve biodiversity

13. Rangeland Vegetation The overall vegetation of any area is controlled by climate (precipitation and temperature) Desert Shrub-land Grassland Woodland Forest

15. Rangeland Vegetation The specific plant community found on any area is a function of climate, soils, topography, slope, aspect (N, S, E, W), and animals. Plant community 1 Plant community 2 Plant community 3 And so on….

16. Plants are Primary Producers Plants capture the heat energy of the sun and convert it into chemical energy in their green leaves Plants produce food for animals Animals produce food for people

17. Plants take water and nutrients from the soil through their roots. Plants take carbon dioxide from the air through their leaves. In their green leaves, the plant combines the Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen into a sugar using the heat energy from the sun. Solar energy is changed into chemical energy. The plant uses the chemical energy to live and grow. Plants make oxygen to the air through their leaves.

18. Plant Taxonomy There is a world-wide system of classification of plants Kingdom –Fungi –Plants Subkingdom –Order –Family –Genera –Species

19. Growth Forms of Plants Grass Forb Tree Shrub

20. Grasses Have one seed leaf Have parallel veins Have soft tissue Have very small flowers Grow from points close to the ground Wheat, barley, oats and corn are grasses

21. Forbs Have two seed leaves Have a network of veins Have soft tissue Have bigger flowers Grow from points close to the ground Beans, potatoes, tomatoes, alfalfa are forbs

22. Shrubs Have two seed leaves Have a network of veins Have woody tissue Flower size varies Grow from points above the ground Usually less than 4 m tall Pomegranate, roses and grapes are shrubs

23. Trees - Conifers Leaves like needles or scales Have parallel veins Woody tissue Always evergreen Flowers are cones Usually more than 4m tall Grows from well above the ground Pines, juniper and cedar are conifers

24. Trees, Broadleaf Leaves are broad Have a network of veins Woody tissue Can be evergreen or deciduous Flowers are not cones Usually more than 4 m tall Grows from well above the ground Apples, poplar, pistachio, and elm are broadleaf trees

25. Growth Habit Annual – Plants live less than 1 year Perennial – Plants live more than 1 year Deciduous – Plants loose their leaves for part of the year Evergreen – Plants have green leaves all year long

26. Annual grasses and forbs Live less than 1 year New plants come from seed each year Have shallow and sparse root systems Can tolerate extreme over grazing Can tolerate extreme drought Protect the seeds with barbs and spines When seeds are made the entire plant dies

27. Perennial Grasses and Forbs Live longer than 1 year Can reproduce with seeds, rhizomes or stolons Have deep and dense root systems Can tolerate some grazing Cannot tolerate extreme over grazing Can tolerate drought The base of the plant and roots remain alive from year to year

28. Life Spans of Plants Grasses – less than 1 year to 20 years Forbs – Less than 1 year to 20 years Shrubs – from 10 to 500 years Trees –Conifers – From 200 to 3500 years –Broadleaf – From 50 to 500 years

29. Reproduction Plants have to reproduce Reproduction can be from: –Seed –Rhizomes –Stolons Plants that have long lives (trees) reproduce infrequently Plants that have short lives (grasses) need to reproduce often Young (seedling) plants need protection from harvest or grazing to survive and become established

30. Adaptation Plants adapt to their environment –Drought –Cold –Heat –Salinity –Grazing Growing points (buds, meristem) Protection (spines, barbs, taste) Toxins (make the animal sick)

31. Where Does Growth Occur in Grasses ? Primarily from a zone near the ground Secondarily from the nodes on the stems If grazed, from buds below the ground This is how grasses have adapted to grazing

32. Where Do Grass Roots Grow From? From the base of the plant below ground From nodes on rhizomes From nodes on stolons

33. Where Does Growth Occur in Shrubs? From a zone at the tips of branches From buds at nodes along the stem Some shrubs; can grow from buds at the base of the plant Some shrubs cannot grow from the base of the plant

34. Where Do Shrub Roots Grow From? From an area at the tips of the roots From the base of the plant below ground On some shrubs; from the nodes on root suckers This is how shrubs have adapted to browsing

35. How do Perennial Grasses Survive Winter Dormancy and Drought? In their green leaves, grasses convert sun energy into chemical energy and they store extra energy (food) in their roots –The grass uses this “stored food” to keep the roots and base alive during winter –The grass uses this “stored food” to green up in the spring –The grass uses this “ stored food” to keep its roots and base alive during drought

36. How do Shrubs Survive Winter Dormancy and Drought? In their green leaves shrubs convert sun energy into chemical energy and store extra energy (food) in their stems above ground as well as in their roots –The shrub uses this “stored food” to keep the stems and roots alive during winter –The shrub uses this “stored food” to keep the stems and roots alive during drought –The shrub uses this stored food to green up in the spring

37. Plants Store Food in Their Roots Like Animals Store Fat in Their Bodies

38. Over Grazing – Eating all of the Plant The plant does not have enough green leaves to feed itself The plant cannot produce enough leaves The plant cannot produce enough roots The plant cannot store food in its roots for winter and to survive drought Does not leave enough cover on the land to hold snow and rain and prevent soil erosion

40. Proper Grazing – Eating Half the Plant The plant has enough green leaves to feed itself The plant can produce plenty of leaves The plant can produce plenty of roots The plant can store enough food in its roots for winter and to survive drought Will leave enough cover on the land to hold snow and rain and prevent soil erosion

41. Measuring Half the Plant The grazing height will be different for different grass species Grass plants can tolerate 50% grazing by weight, every year, and remain healthy 50% grazedUn-grazed

42. Achieving Proper Grazing Train livestock owners Train herders Clip un-grazed grass Balance on finger Determine grazing height Move animals when they have grazed the grasses to that level

43. Allow Rangelands to Rest Allow plants that have been over grazed a chance to grow and recover and set seed Allow new plants to start from seed Accumulate litter on the soil Capture more snow and rainfall

44. Summary Introduced Rangeland Management Definitions of Rangeland and Grazing Understanding of Rangeland plants –What they are –How they live and grow –How they react to grazing Understanding of Proper Grazing

45. The Most Important Lessons Understanding How Plants Live and Grow Understanding the Concept of Eat Half and Leave Half Tashakor