1. 1 Materials reviewed by National Johne's Working Group / Johne's Disease Committee / USAHA 2003 Johne’s Disease - It’s not just for cattle any more. Elizabeth Manning MBA DVM School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin

2. 2

3. 3 Johne’s disease in non-domestic species Susceptibility  Every non-domestic ruminant species likely can be infected by the majority, if not all, strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)  Transmission through fecal-oral contact, milk, colostrum  Young animals most susceptible  Deaths from the infection may occur at younger ages than is seen in cattle Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

4. 4 Johne’s disease in non-domestic species Clinical presentation  Infectious animals can be clinically invisible for months to years  Clinical signs vague and non-specific  Weight loss  Diarrhea ?? Maybe not! Seen less frequently if at all in sheep, goats, bison, llama, elk... Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

5. 5 Johne’s disease in non-domestic species Lesions  Range of pathology due to stage of infection at death and type of species  There may be no lesions at gross necropsy – but for effective surveillance, ALWAYS cut in tissues for both culture and histopathology! Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

6. 6 Johne’s disease in non-domestic species Outcome - fatal  No treatment  No confirmed evidence of recovery  Months to years before clinical signs and death therefore months to years of potential transmission within the exhibit/range Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

7. 7 Johne’s disease in non-domestic species Concerns  Wild and endangered species’ health  Interference with domestic agriculture control programs 1. Wildlife reservoir for the infection 2. Ruminant, carnivore, omnivore hosts 3. MAP amplification 4. Environmental contamination  Interference with TB testing  Uncertain zoonotic potential Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

8. 8 Johne’s disease in free-ranging species  Some examples in the United States:  California: tule elk, red deer, fallow deer, axis deer  Florida: key deer (endangered)  Montana: bison  Colorado : big horn sheep, goats  Some examples in Europe:  Roe, red and fallow deer; mouflon Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

9. 9 Johne’s disease in captive (zoo) species  Johne’s disease cases in 42 U.S. zoos (1995-2000 data)  In domestic species: goats, cattle, sheep  In non-domestic species: axis, barasingha, hog deer, sambar, addax, etc.  Very expensive infection for zoos to manage  halts animal exchanges among zoos  more testing and animal contact to collect samples  loss of genetics for endangered species Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

10. 10 Johne’s disease in cervid species  Denmark  Texas  Canada  Belgium  Czech Republic  Florida  Hungary  New Zealand (more than 300 operations are infected)  Great Britain Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

11. 11 Free-ranging wildlife Northwestern USA Large bison herd (3,000) Thin, “poor-doing” animals Multiple cases of Johne’s disease confirmed MAP strain even slower-growing than usual Many cases with no gross lesions, minimal histopathologic evidence of infection Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

12. 12 Johne’s disease disasters 1Large trophy hunting elk (Cervus elaphus) herd:  90 TB test suspects/reactors cleared by Comparative Cervical Test (CCT)  The next year, > 50 confirmed cases of Johne’s disease, deaths in yearlings  Operation now out of business 2Fallow deer farm  Clinical disease in 1-2 year olds, shedding in 6 mo.  51/52 deer sampled confirmed infected  MAP isolated from 26/36 pasture samples and pond Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

13. 13 MAP “spill-over” concerns Omnivore, carnivore species Johne’s disease on dairy cattle farms (Scotland)  Rabbit population on the farms also infected  18 wild non-ruminant species assessed; 591 animals  MAP tissue isolates 90 animals, 10 species (fox, stoat, weasel, crow, rook, jackdaw, rat, wood mouse, hare, badger)  Histopathological lesions consistent with JD 19 animals, 5 species (fox, stoat, weasel, crow, wood mouse) Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

14. 14 Free-ranging wildlife South Australia On Kangaroo Island, sheep and marsupials graze the same acreage Sheep Johne’s disease control program includes depopulation, restocking from test-negative flocks Johne’s disease in 2 kangaroos, 2 wallabies of 242 animals assessed to date (sheep strain of MAP per IS1311 PCR/REA analysis) Marsupial infection perceived as a threat to the ovine Johne’s disease control program Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

15. 15 Testing options for domestic agriculture species Multiple methods for research or surveillance  Serology (ELISA, AGID)  Fecal/tissue culture  Skin test  Gamma interferon  Histopathologic techniques  PCR Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

16. 16 Testing options for non-domestic species Fewer validated methods  Fecal/tissue culture  Histopathologic techniques  PCR ?  Serology (ELISA, AGID)  Use serologic methods to develop an index of suspicion, not as the primary tool for diagnosis Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

17. 17 Advice for managers of non-domestic species  Think Johne’s disease:  When planning a purchase  Learn herd infection status, not just individual animal result  When animal is a TB reactor, but CCT negative  For animals with poor body condition, weight loss  If planning to expand onto previously grazed land (cattle, sheep, goats – did they have Johne’s disease?)  When setting up records, animal ID system  Be able to track offspring from test-positive dams  Planning to bottle-feed, “goat-raise” newborns  Pasteurize milk, make sure that goat isn’t infected! Becky Manning University of Wisconsin

18. 18