1. UNIT V Key Terms

2. Biotechnology n Using living organisms to produce or change plan or animal products

3. Capital-intensive farm n Farm that makes heavy use of machinery in the farming process

4. Dairying n Growth of milk-based products for the marketplace

5. Debt-for-nature sweeps n Efforts to preserve natural farmland by forgiving international debts owed by developing countries in exchange for those countries protecting natural land resources from human destruction

6. Double cropping n Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year

7. Enclosure movement n As feudalism faded away and capitalism grew, this movement divided the common farm-one the villagers all farmed together-into individual farming plots. Many farmers who did not get private plots moved to the growing cities

8. Ester Boserup n Geographer who developed the theory that subsistence farmers want the most leisure time they can have, so they farm in ways that will allow them both to feed their families and to maximize free time. Boserup’s theory also posited that farmers will change their approach to farming if the population increases and more food is needed, thus making the food supply dependent on human innovation, rather than humans dependent on the food supply

9. Extensive subsistence agriculture n Using a large amount of land to farm food for the farmer’s family to eat

10. Famine n Mass starvation resulting from prolonged undernutrition in a region during a certain period

11. Hunters and gatherers n Nomadic people who do not remain stationary but follow herds of wild animals and forage for plants for survival

12. Intensive subsistence agriculture n Cultivating a small amount of land very efficiently to produce food for the farmer’s family

13. Intertillage n Practice of mixing many types of seeds on the same plot of land

14. Labor-intensive farm n Farm that uses much human labor

15. Land rent n Price a farmer must pay for each acre of land

16. Large-scale grain farm n Extensive commercial grain farm where the grain typically is grown to be exported to other places for consumption

17. Milkshed n Zone around the city’s center in which milk can be produced and shipped to the marketplace without spoiling

18. Mixed crop and livestock farming n Category of agriculture in which farmers both grow crops and raise animals

19. Open-lot system n System of agricultural land distribution in which all villagers worked on one large plot of community farmland to produce a crop to eat

20. Ranching n Raising animals on a plot of land on which they feed or graze

21. Sustainable yield n Rate of crop production that can be maintained over time

22. Swidden n Plot of land prepared by subsistence farmers using the slash-and-burn method

23. Truck farm n Commercial flower farm or garden

24. Undernutrition n Case of not getting enough calories or nutrients

25. Vegetative planting. n Process of cultivating by simply cutting off a stem of another plant or by dividing roots of a plant; developed before seed agriculture