1. Properties of Matter

2. Density Density is a measure of how closely packed the atoms are in a substance Density will change as temperature changes – As a substance is heated, particles tend to spread, making it less dense (ice is an exception) – Solids tend to be more dense than liquids; liquids tend to be more dense than gasses.

3. Calculating Density Density equals mass divided by volume d = m/v – Mass usually measured in grams (g) – Volume either found by displacement or calculated using a formula (mL, cm 3, or cc) Units: g/mL or g/cm 3 or g/cc

4. Sinking and Floating Density determines whether an object will sink or float. Substances/Objects that are more dense will sink in substances that are less dense. Substances/Objects that are less dense will float in substances that are more dense. – The diet coke is less dense than water. The regular coke is more dense than water. Coke = 1.042 g/mL Diet Coke = 0.997g/mL Water = 1.000 g/mL

5. Conductivity Electrical Conductivity – the ability of a substance to allow electrical energy to flow through it Thermal Conductivity – the ability of a substance to allow thermal energy to flow through it – Both are related to density CONDUCTORS: more dense materials tend to be better conductors (allow energy to flow through them easily) INSULATORS: less dense materials tend to be poor conductors (resist the flow of energy through them)

6. Special Properties of Water Unlike most substances, the freezing point and boiling point of water allow it to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas at natural Earth temperatures

7. Special Properties of Water Water heats up & cools down very slowly compared to other substances – Due to a property called “specific heat” – This maintains a moderate environment on Earth that is suitable for life

8. Special Properties of Water Water forms “polar molecules”, creating “hydrogen bonds” between molecules. This results in… – Cohesion – water molecules attracted to each other – Adhesion – water molecules attracted to other substances

9. Special Properties of Water Water is called the “universal solvent” – Many other substances dissolve in water The water we encounter is rarely pure because so many minerals can easily dissolve in it.