1. A high resolution emission inventory of particulate EC and OC for Europe Hugo Denier van der Gon, Antoon Visschedijk, Rianne Dröge, Maarten Mulder, Jeroen Kuenen (TNO) Christer Johansson (Stockholm University) Zbigniew Klimont (IIASA)

2. Why? Climate relevant Health relevant Carbonaceous aerosols important fraction of PM10 Not available for a recent base year Not available on a desired (high) resolution What about coarse EC and OC? Still mismatch between modelled – measured = not properly understood….

3. Menu – Just to get the flavour… Quick guide through methodology Results – aggregated Country differences Fraction Organic Matter in PM2.5 Spatial distribution Wood combustion adjustments Maps! Conclusions

4. BC, EC, OC, what is what? Black carbon (BC) and elemental carbon (EC) are operationally defined by measurement method BC = optical term (highly light-absorbing carbon) EC = chemical term (refractory carbon measured by thermal/optical carbon analyzers BC and (submicron) EC represent often roughly the same particles OC = non-carbonate carbonaceous particles other than EC TC = EC + OC (C-mass basis) OM = EC + OC (full molecular mass basis)

5. METHODOLOGY (SHORT VERSION) Start from IIASA’s GAINS PM10/2.5/1 emission inventory Deriving representative size-differentiated EC and OC fractions for over 200 source categories using e.g., Kupiainen et al. 2004, Bond et al. 2004; Streets et al. 2001, Schauer et al. 2006 and more…. EC and OC calculated as a share of PM10/PM2.5/PM1 emissions. Constrains EC / OC and [size-fractionated EC and OC emission factors for all relevant sources / technologies are not available & and/or can vary widely due to different measurement protocols and analytical techniques] Use new TNO spatial distribution proxy maps

6. Study area: well beyond EU boundaries

7. Anthropogenic primary Carbonaceous emissions in Europe 2005 (kt C)

9. Netherlands

10. Turkey

11. Poland

12. Emission of OM vs PM2.5 for Europe in 2005 by source sector Difference is due to mineral component (ashes) Difference is due to “product” aerosols (e.g. fertilizer, iron, etc.)

13. Results: Carbonaceous aerosol < 10 μm (as TC) by compound and size class Sure, smaller particles are much more relevant for health / climate / transport But…coarser EC and OC is not negligible Sources coarse EC (“char”) : domestic combustion and utility combustion of coal, the storage & handling of coal and coal products, combustion of HFO, coarse OC from animal husbandry

14. Updated and improved spatial distribution maps for emission sources (e.g., point sources, road transport, wood combustion)

15. Road map for Europe based on EU Transtools project to be used for non-urban traffic

16. Focus on wood combustion  Domestic use of fuel wood is an extremely important source  Wood is a non-commercial fuel - falls outside administration  Wood consumption in the past often underestimated  Activity data: In Europe 3 sources (Eurostat, IEA, RAINS/GAINS)  Grouped in 5 socio-economic/regional clusters (cluster averages 1.6 – 8.6 MJ/inhabitant) with Scandinavia and Baltic > Continental Europe > Mediterranean > Former Soviet Union > North Sea  Technologies following RAINS (IIASA)  Gapfilled missing countries, or unrealistic values  Compared to the raw GAINS activity data the reported domestic fuel wood usage per appliance is modified for 18 countries.  Distribution:  Urban vs rural population based on data from SWE, NL, DEU  Wood availability (forest in the vicinity)

18. Note: Transport dominates

19. Note: coal combustion, shipping (HFO gives rel. large particles), some diesel

20. Note: coal combustion, coke ovens & storage and handling of coal

21. Note: wood combustion & transport

22. Note: agriculture contribution

23. Conclusions A European EC and OC emission inventory is compiled for the year 2005 that is consistent with particulate matter inventories. Total PM2.5 for UNECE Europe (excl. shipping) = 3400 kt and about half of this is carbonaceous aerosol (organic matter). EC emission < 1 um = 525 kt, OC in PM2.5 is estimated to be and 847 kt, International shipping adds 79 kt EC and 84 kt OC. Coarse EC and OC is not negligible in terms of PM10 fraction

24. Conclusions (2) Diesel use in transport and fuel wood by households are responsible for 70% EC_1 and 56% of OC in PM2.5. A significant adjustment has been made for the emissions and distribution from residential wood combustion. The high resolution inventory of EC and OC is “passed on” to Modelers within the EUCAARI project…..The feedback should help in further improvements Fire emissions for 2005 should be added…..

25. TNO – SU – IIASA Thank you for your attention ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has been partly funded by EUCAARI (European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions) No 036833-2.

26. European workshop: “The policy relevance of wear emissions from road transport, now and in the future” will take place on June 22 nd in Amsterdam for more information contact: magdalena.jozwicka@tno.nl