1. Solid and Hazardous Waste Engineering - Introduction
Jae K. Park, Professor
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Wisconsin-Madison

2. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)*
07/16/96
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
Municipal solid waste (MSW)
Industrial/commercial/institutional (ISI) waste
Handling & separation,
storage & process
at the source
Reduce, reuse &
recycle
Materials
Recovery
Facilities (MRFs)
Collection & Transport
Biological treatment
Landfill
Thermal treatment
Aerobic/anaerobic compost
Anaerobic digestion
Incineration
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Thermolysis
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF)
Energy from waste
MSW
Hazardous waste
‘Dry tomb’ concept
‘Bioreactor’ concept
Thermolysis, is a chemical decomposition caused by heat.
Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as coal, petroleum, biofuel, or biomass, into carbon monoxide and hydrogen by reacting the raw material, such as house waste, or compost at high temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called synthesis gas or syngas and is itself a fuel. Gasification is a method for extracting energy from many different types of organic materials.
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at operating temperatures above 430 °C (800 °F).
Recent trend *

3. Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)

4. John Muir (1984~1914) Founder of the Sierra Club
When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.
God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, avalanches, and a thousand tempests and floods. But he cannot save them from fools.

5. Recycling and composting
Hierarchy of ISWM
Reduction
Reuse
Recycling and composting
Incineration
Landfill

6. Hazardous Waste – Legal Definition
Listed in EPA regulations (40 CFR 261 Subpart D)
F-list: non-specific source wastes, 40 CFR §261.31
K-list: source-specific wastes, 40 CFR §261.32
P-list and U-list: discarded commercial chemical products, 40 CFR §261.33
Ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic (40 CFR 261 Subpart C)
Declared by the generator
Federal hazardous waste regulations: 40 CFR Parts
Hazardous waste identification flowchart:

7. F-Listed Wastes
REGULATED HAZARDOUS WASTE (Regardless of Quantity or the Actual Hazard They may Present)
Spent halogenated solvents including:
1,1,1-trichloroethane Chlorobenzene Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,2-trichloroethane Methylene chloride Trichloroethylene
Spent non-halogenated solvents including:
2-ethoxyethanol Cyclohexanone Methanol
2-nitropropane Ethyl acetate Methyl ethyl ketone
Acetone Ethyl benzene Methyl isobutyl ketone
Benzene Ethyl ether Pyridine
Carbon disulfide Isobutanol Toluene
Cresols N-butyl alcohol Xylene
Cresylic acid Nitrobenzene
Discarded unused formulations containing tri-, tetra-, or pentachlorophenol or discarded unused formulations containing compounds derived from these chlorophenols.
All F-listed liquids and waste debris contaminated with F-listed liquids must be collected and managed as a Hazardous Waste.

8. Hazardous Waste (1) 40 CFR 261 Subpart C
Ignitable waste (EPA HW No. D001)
Liquids: flash point < 60°C
Solids: cause fire under standard temp. & pressure
Corrosive waste (EPA HW No. D002)
Liquids: pH < 2 or > 12.5; corrode steel at > 0.25 in/yr rate
Reactive waste (EPA HW No. D003)
Unstable, react violently w/ air or water
For potentially explosive mixtures w/ water
Emit toxic fumes

9. Hazardous Waste (2) 40 CFR 261 Subpart C
Toxicity
Leach toxic constituents for solid wastes
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
Crush to < 9.5 mm particle size
Sealed in extraction vessel for general analytes, or possibly pressure sealed as in zero-headspace extractions (ZHE) for volatile organic compounds
Agitate in a weak acetic acid in liquid:solid = 20:1 by wt
18 hrs after, filter through 0.6~0.8 µm glass fiber filter
Analyze sample for constituents

10. Schematic of a Landfill

11. History Waste: a material that is cheaper to throw away than to use
Solid waste management: concerned with the generation, on-site storage, collection, transfer, transportation, process and recovery, and disposal of solid wastes
Limited resources and increased cost of waste management

12. History (continued)
Because of siting difficulties and advanced containment technologies, landfilling is becoming increasingly expensive and is forcing the reexamination of options of dealing with solid wastes.
Mismanaged wastes: e.g., the Love Canal incident - public hysteria over hazardous waste management
There has been a rapid evolution in the technologies utilized in land disposal practices.

13. Love Canal
William T. Love: developed an industrial park and accompanying housing development in the late 1800s.
Energy intensive electrochemical or chemical synthesis industries settled near the 8-mile long canal. Hooker company produced DDT, 2,4,5-T, and chlorinated solvents. Hooker used the unfinished canals for the disposal of chemical waste.
A school and a subdivision were developed around the dump site.
Liquid and gaseous wastes migrated into the school and into the basements of houses.
The exposure was through the inhalation. The incident of cancer and birth defects soared.

14. Love Canal

15. *
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History (continued)
Fifth century B.C. in Greece - earliest known forms of waste management
Roman empire: first garbage collection service
1880 in major U.S. cities: minimal sort of garbage collection
Until the 1900s, dumped directly on the land
Around 1910, created sanitary landfills
Until the 1950s, careless open-pit dumping and intentional burning without proper planning and engineering procedures
Sanitary landfill: 부담 갖지 말고 *

16. History (continued)
1959: sanitary landfill was the major method of solid waste disposal in the U.S.
It was realized that a liner across the base of landfills with an engineered cap system to reduce long-term leachate generation and the escape of leachates to the environment were minimum requirements.
Changes in legislation were the driving force.

17. History (continued)
Concept of controlled tipping - sealed in cells formed from earth or other cover material - to change the physical characteristics of the buried solid wastes to make it relatively free from odor, less attractive to vermin, and less dangerous to health
Not In My BackYard (NIMBY)
3Rs - reduce, reuse, and recycle
Understanding of the impact of 3Rs separation programs on the character of the waste to be landfilled will be an important consideration.

18. Live in “Never-Never Land”
We prohibit new power plants and believe in cheap electricity. We prohibit oil drilling and refining, impede independent gas stations, legislate costly antipollution additives, and believe in cheap gasoline. We blackmail developers into “donating” land for open space and believe in cheap housing. We sabotage nuclear waste disposal, hide our waste within our communities, and believe in a pure, safe environment. We mandate health benefits, and believe in cheap care. It is only consistent that we look to politicians for solutions, the very same who created the problems by running on anti-utility, anti-oil, anti-development, anti- nuclear, and anti-HMO platforms.
September 2000
Thomas W. Schoene
La Jolla, California

19. Definition Sketch for Landfill Operations and Processes
Landfill closure
Landscaping and
cover maintenance
Surface water
control
Landfill design
Landfill gas management
Final cover
design
Gas conversion
to electricity
Surface water
drainage
Gas
flaring
Reactions
occurring in
landfills
Site planning
Gas
collection
system design
Liner design
Leachate
collection
Leachate
treatment
Gas well and
ambient air
Load
inspection
Weight
Groundwater
Vadose
zone
Leachate management
Placement
Environmental monitoring
Landfill operations

20. Leachate
collection pipe
Liner
Monitoring
facilities
Gas collection trench
Typical waste cell
Landscaping
Final cover
Typical waste cell
Gas collection
trench
Liner
Leachate
collection

21. Number of Landfills in the United States 1988~2006
Stringent regulations forced many old landfills to shut down.
Why?
Reference web site:

22. Review 40 CFR Part 258.10 Contents of 40 CFR Part 258*
Location Restrictions (Subpart B)
NEW AND LATERAL EXPANSIONS:
Proximity to airports
Floodplains
Wetlands
Fault areas
Seismic impact zones
Unstable areas
EXISTING UNITS:
07/16/96
Review 40 CFR Part
Contents of 40 CFR Part 258
Section CLOSURE OF EXISTING MSWLFS
Performance Standard:
258.16(a) Existing MSWLF units that cannot make the demonstration specified in sec (a) pertaining to airports, (a) pertaining to floodplains, or (a) pertaining to unstable areas, must close by October 9, 1996, in accordance with sec of this part and conduct post-closure activities in accordance with sec of this part.
258.16(b) The deadline for closure required by paragraph (a) of this section may be extended up to two years if the owner or operator demonstrates to the Director of an approved State that:
258.16(b)(1) There is no available alternative disposal capacity;
258.16(b)(2) There is no immediate threat to human health and the environment.
258.10(a) Owners or operators of new MSWLF units, existing MSWLF units, and lateral expansions that are located within 10,000 feet (3,048 meters) of any airport runway end used by turbojet aircraft or within 5,000 feet (1,524 meters) of any airport runway end used by only piston-type aircraft must demonstrate that the units are designed and operated so that the MSWLF unit does not pose a bird hazard to aircraft.
258.10(b) Owners or operators proposing to site new MSWLF units and lateral expansions located within a five-mile radius of any airport runway end used by turbojet or piston-type aircraft must notify the affected airport and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
258.11(a) Owners or operators of new MSWLF units, existing MSWLF units, and lateral expansions located in 100-year floodplains must demonstrate that the unit will not restrict the flow of the 100-year flood, reduce the temporary water storage capacity of the floodplain, or result in washout of solid waste so as to pose a hazard to human health and the environment. The owner or operator must place the demonstration in the operating record and notify the State Director that it has been placed in the operating record. *

23. Operating Criteria (Subpart C)*
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Operating Criteria (Subpart C)
Exclude hazardous waste
Daily cover
Disease vector control
Explosive gases
Access control
Run-on & run-off control
Surface water requirements
Liquid management
Record keeping *

24. *
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Design Criteria for New MSW Landfill Units and Lateral Expansions (Subpart D)
In Approved States:
Design must ensure that maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) will not be exceeded at the relevant point of compliance (cannot be more than 150 meters from unit boundary and must be on property of owner/operator)
In Unapproved States:
Composite liner consisting of an upper flexible membrane liner (FML) and a lower soil layer at least 2 ft thick and a leachate collection system *

25. *
07/16/96
Design Criteria for New MSW Landfill Units and Lateral Expansions (Subpart D)
Composite Liner & Leachate Collection System Design
(Unapproved State)
Approved Design that Meets Performance Standard
(Approved State)
Approved states: Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana,
Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Utah and Wyoming *

26. Design Criteria for Existing
MSW Landfill Units
Requires installation of final cover that prevents infiltration after closure
Does not require retrofitting with liners or leachate collection systems

27. Groundwater Monitoring Requirements (Subpart E)
Requires monitoring of groundwater to detect releases and determine if corrective action is necessary
New MSW landfill units must comply prior to accepting wastes
Existing MSW landfill units and lateral expansions must comply within 5 years.

28. Part 257 & 258 Corrective Action Program
Steps leading to corrective action:
Establish groundwater monitoring program
Detection monitoring
Statistically significant increase over background
Assessment monitoring
Statistically significant increase over groundwater protection standard
Corrective action

29. Closure Requirements (Subpart F)
Final cover consists of:
Erosion layer: min. 6” earthen material of sustaining native plant growth
Infiltration layer: min. of 18” of earthen material with a permeability equal to or less than the permeability of any bottom liner system or natural subsoils present or < 1 × 10-5 cm/sec
Note: An approved State may allow an alternative cover.

30. Post Closure Care Requirements
(Subpart F)
Prepare post-closure plan
Post-closure care must be conducted for 30 years.
Time period may be reduced or increased by Approved State.
if demonstrated

31. Financial Assurance (Subpart G)
Requires demonstration of financial assurance for closure, post-closure care, and corrective action for known releases
Acceptable funding mechanisms include: Trust Funds, Surety Bonds, Letters of Credit, Insurance Policies, Guarantees, State Assumption of Responsibility, and State- approved mechanisms
Exempts States and Federal Government