1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

3. Chapter 13: The Presidency The Presidents Presidential Powers Running the Government: The Chief Executive Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers The President and National Security Policy Power from the People: The Public Presidency The President and the Press Understanding the American Presidency Summary

4. The Presidents LO 13.1: Characterize the expectations for and the backgrounds of presidents and identify paths to the White House and how presidents may be removed. Great Expectations Who They Are How They Got There To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

5. The Presidents Who They Are The Constitution states that the president must be a natural-born citizen at least 35 years old and must have resided in the U.S. for at least 14 years. All American presidents have been white (except for Barack Obama), male, and Protestant (except for John Kennedy). Watch: The Big PictureThe Big Picture LO 13.1

6. The Presidents What is the President’s most important job? Watch: Basics of the PresidencyBasics of the Presidency LO 13.1

7. The Presidents How They Got There Once elected, the president serves a term of four years. 22 nd Amendment (1951) limited the number of terms to two. To Learning Objectives LO 13.1

8. The American Chief Executive at a Glance Salary and Benefits $400,000 salary (tax free) $50,000/year expense account $100,000/year travel expenses A nice house at 1600 Pennsylvania Ave Secret Service protection (up to 10 years after leaving office) Country home (Camp David) Personal airplane (Air Force One) Staff of 400-500 full-time employees

9. The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Ave Camp David Presidential Retreat

12. The Presidents How They Got There (cont.) Succession – Vice president succeeds if the president leaves office (9 presidents) due to death, resignation, or removal. 25 th Amendment – Vice president becomes acting president if the vice president and president’s cabinet determine that the president is disabled. To Learning Objectives LO 13.1

13. L.B.J. takes the oath of office on Air Force One following the assassination of President Kennedy

14. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 13.1

15. The Presidents How They Got There (cont.) Impeachment – Accusation after a majority vote in the House. Charges may be brought for “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.” An impeached president is tried by the Senate. Two presidents were impeached and neither was convicted. To Learning Objectives LO 13.1

16. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 13.1

17. The White House Watch: NBC’s Obama White House

25. Foreign Policy/National Security Powers Legislative Powers Administrative Powers Judicial Powers 1. 2. 3. 4. Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. Example: 1. 2. 3. 4. Example: 1. 2. Example: Constitutional Powers of the President

26. LO 13.2

27. National Security & Foreign Policy Powers Former Nebraska Sen. Chuck Hagel, left, and President Barack Obama watch as John Brennan speaks during an event in the East Room of the White House Jan. 7, 2013. Obama announced his nominations of White House counterterrorism adviser John Brennan to be the director of the CIA and Hagel as the next Secretary of Defense. (Brendan Smialowski / AFP - Getty Images)

28. National Security & Foreign Policy Powers Pres. Obama appointed Caroline Kennedy to be the new U.S. Ambassador to Japan.

29. National Security & Foreign Policy Powers

30. President Obama Announcing Normalization of Relations with Cuba

36. Only Congress is empowered to declare war and vote on the military budget. BUT…Congress long ago became accustomed to presidents making short-term military commitments of troops and taking sole military actions. in recent years, presidents have committed U.S. troops to action without seeking congressional approval (as in Korea and Vietnam).

37. Because President Nixon expanded the war in Vietnam without its knowledge, Congress passed this Act in 1973.

40. Constitutional power to tax and spend!

41. The Expansion of Presidential Power The role of the president changed as America increased in prominence on the world stage technology also helped to reshape the presidency. Presidents themselves have taken the initiative in developing new roles for the office. To Learning Objectives LO 13.2

42. Many presidential powers are not mentioned in the Constitution. Instead, they have developed over time, reflecting the changing national needs and the personalities of the presidents. “Take care” clause The office may have been defined by the Constitution narrowly, but many factors have shaped it into its modern form.

43. Informal Sources of Presidential Power These are powers NOT in the Constitution Executive Order Signing Statements Executive Privileges Executive Agreements

44. Executive Order – order by the president based on executive power given to him by the Constitution. Has the force of law, but DOES NOT require approval of Congress! Executive Order can be cancelled by the next incoming president. Is it constitutional? Violate checks & balances? Informal Sources of Presidential Power

45. Executive Orders- order by the president based on executive power given to him by the Constitution. Has the force of law, but DOES NOT require Congressional approval FDR - Executive Order # 9066

46. Executive Orders Barack Obama - Executive Order

47. Obama’s Executive Orders on Guns Rather than wait for Congress to pass new laws Obama bypassed them today. The two executive orders were announced…[and to be enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF)]. The first order seeks to close a loophole, which allows felons and others who would be otherwise prohibited from owning firearms to bypass the law by registering their firearms with a trust or corporation. This would exempt them from having to complete a background check. It also forces anyone associated with a trust or corporation to complete a background. The second order signed by Obama seeks to prohibit military-grade weapons from entering into America by keeping private entities from re-importing guns that the US previously sent to foreign allies. Currently, a law already requires U.S. government approval before these weapons can be re-imported. The White House says that more than 250,000 weapons have been brought back to America since 2005. Under the new executive order this practice will no longer be allowed. The weapons sent to foreign countries will have to remain there. Is Obama overstepping his authority by enforcing laws through an agency rather than have Congress pass them? (Yes, Said Sen. Rand Paul)

48. Obama’s Executive Orders on Immigration (11/20/2014) Is Obama overstepping his authority by enforcing laws through an agency rather than have Congress pass them? Watch!

51. Informal Sources of Power Signing Statements – statements attached to a law signed by the president. Such statements make known the president intent to interpret or execute the law he just signed.

52. Examples of the president's signing statements - April 30, 2006 Since taking office in 2001, President Bush has issued signing statements on more than 750 new laws, declaring that he has the power to set aside the laws when they conflict with his legal interpretation of the Constitution. Here are some examples: March 9: Justice Department officials must give reports to Congress by certain dates on how the FBI is using the USA Patriot Act to search homes and secretly seize papers. Bush's signing statement: The president can order Justice Department officials to withhold any information from Congress if he decides it could impair national security or executive branch operations.

53. Examples of the president's signing statements - April 30, 2006 Dec. 30, 2005: US interrogators cannot torture prisoners or otherwise subject them to cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment. Bush's signing statement: The president, as commander in chief, can waive the torture ban if he decides that harsh interrogation techniques will assist in preventing terrorist attacks. Dec. 30: When requested, scientific information ''prepared by government researchers and scientists shall be transmitted [to Congress] uncensored and without delay." Bush's signing statement: The president can tell researchers to withhold any information from Congress if he decides its disclosure could impair foreign relations, national security, or the workings of the executive branch.

54. Examples of the president's signing statements - April 30, 2006 Aug. 5: The military cannot add to its files any illegally gathered intelligence, including information obtained about Americans in violation of the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches. Bush's signing statement: Only the president, as commander in chief, can tell the military whether or not it can use any specific piece of intelligence.

55. The Presidents QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER Why were the framers of our government so fearful of centralized executive authority? Why is it necessary for presidents to rely upon other actors to get anything done, and who are these actors? What are some of the positives and negatives of unilateral actions, like issuing executive orders? Watch: Presidency – In ContextPresidency – In Context LO 13.1

56. Checks and Balances Override veto with 2/3 vote Senate confirms Presidential appointments Impeachment Process Checks by Legislative Branch Judicial Review: Declares acts of the President unconstitutional Checks by Judicial Branch

57. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Public Opinion In a televised address in March, 1968, President Johnson announced he would not seek the Democratic nomination for president due to sagging public support for his administration and the war in Vietnam. Though he enjoyed record public support during the Persian Gulf War, President George H. W. Bush saw his numbers dip dramatically in the polls and he lost his re- election bid to democrat Bill Clinton in 1992.

58. The Media

59. Running the Government: The Chief Executive President presides over the administration of government. Today, federal bureaucracy spends $3 trillion a year and numbers more than 4 million employees. Presidents appoint about 500 high-level positions and 2,500 lesser jobs. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

60. Running the Government: The Chief Executive The Vice President The Cabinet The Executive Office The White House Staff The First Lady LO 13.3 To Learning Objectives

61. Running the Government: The Chief Executive The Vice President Constitutionally, they are assigned the minor task of presiding over the Senate and voting in case of a tie. Recent presidents have involved their vice presidents in policy discussions and important diplomacy. To Learning Objectives LO 13.3

63. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 13.3

66. What’s Included in the EOP?  National Security Council – advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. Members: the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense.  Council of Economic Advisers – A three-member body appointed by the president to advise the president on economic policy.  Office of Management and Budget – Prepares president’s budget, advises presidents on agencies’ proposals, and reviews agencies’ proposed regulations.

72. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Party Leadership Presidents’ most useful resources in passing their own legislation are their party leadership, public support, and their own legislative skills. Presidents are forced to mobilize members of their own party Presidents can count on their own party members for support no more than two-thirds of the time, even on key votes. WHY? To Learning Objectives

73. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

74. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Presidential coattails – When voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the president’s party because they support the president. symbolism was that the candidates would “ride into office on the president’s coattails.”

75. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 13.4

76. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 13.4

77. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Public Support Public Approval – A source of presidential leadership of Congress. Presidents who have the backing of the public have an easier time influencing Congress. To Learning Objectives LO 13.4

78. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Public Support Widespread support gives the president leeway and weakens resistance to presidential policies. Lack of support strengthens the hands of those inclined to oppose the president and narrow the options avail. to him. To Learning Objectives LO 13.4

79. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Public Support Low ratings in the polls may create incentives to attack the president, further eroding a weakened president. Public approval gives the president leverage, not control; presidents’ leadership resources do not allow them to dominate Congress. To Learning Objectives LO 13.4

80. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Public Support (cont.) Mandates – Perception that the voters strongly support the president’s character and policies. Mandates are infrequent, but presidents claim a mandate anyway. To Learning Objectives LO 13.4

81. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 13.6

82. Presidential Leadership of Congress: The Politics of Shared Powers Legislative Skills Bargaining – Trade support or provide benefits. Make personal appeals and structure congressional votes. Set priorities among proposals. Exploiting “honeymoon” periods by sending proposals to Congress early during 1 st year in office. To Learning Objectives LO 13.4

83. The President and National Security Policy Working with Congress Congress has a central constitutional role in making national security policy. The founders divided the powers of supply and command: Congress can thus refuse to provide the necessary authorizations and money for presidential actions, while the chief executive can refuse to act (for example, by not sending troops into battle). WHY Founders allocate responsibilities this way? To Learning Objectives LO 13.5

84. The President and National Security Policy Working with Congress Despite the constitutional role of Congress, the president is the dominant force behind national security policy. The role of Congress has typically been oversight of the executive rather than initiation of policy. To Learning Objectives LO 13.5

85. Power from the People: The Public Presidency Going Public – Power of Persuasion Public support is a president’s greatest source of influence. Public opinion is important resource for presidential persuasion. Presidential appearances are staged to get the public’s attention. As head of state, presidents often perform many ceremonial functions, which usually result in favorable press coverage. LO 13.6

86. Power from the People: The Public Presidency Policy Support – Power of Persuasion Presidents frequently try to obtain public support for their policies with television or radio appearances and speeches to large groups. presidency often refer to it as a “bully pulpit,” ability to persuade or mobilize the public to support their policies. To Learning Objectives LO 13.6

88. Power from the People: The Public Presidency Mobilizing the Public Presidents want the public to communicate its views directly to Congress. Greatest challenge to any president? Presidents rarely in a position to command others. They must rely on persuasion. Watch: Power of Persuasion, LBJ: Getting the Job DonePower of PersuasionLBJ: Getting the Job Done To Learning Objectives LO 13.6

89. The President and the Press The Presidents Advocate their policy and want to control the amount and timing of information about their administration. The Press Wants all the information that exists without delay. To Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

90. The President and the Press The press has become the principal intermediary between the president and the public relations with the press are an important to president’s efforts to lead public opinion. It is the mass media that provides people with most of what they know about chief executives and their policies. The media also interpret and analyze presidential activities, even the president’s direct appeals to the public. Presidents and the press tend to conflict. News coverage of the presidency often tends to emphasize the negatives and scandals. Watch: Ronal Regan: The Great Communicator

91. Understanding the American Presidency The Presidency and Democracy Concerns over the president having too much power often tied to policy concerns. Others argue there are too many checks and balances on the president. LO 13.8 To Learning Objectives

92. Understanding the American Presidency The Presidency and the Scope of Government Many 20 th century successfully advocated substantial increases in the role of the national government. Presidents since Lyndon Johnson have championed constraints on government and spending limits, especially in domestic policy. To Learning Objectives LO 13.8

93. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The American public tends to expect presidents to be while disliking a concentration of power. A.weak B.powerful C.abusive D.dictators LO 13.1 To Learning Objectives

94. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The American public tends to expect presidents to be while disliking a concentration of power. A.weak B.powerful C.abusive D.dictators LO 13.1 To Learning Objectives

95. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 13.2 Summary Presidential Powers The Constitution gives the president a few national security, legislative, administrative, and judicial powers, some of which are quite general. Presidential power has increased through the actions of presidents and because of factors including technology and the increased prominence of the United States. To Learning Objectives

96. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The ability to nominate ambassadors, who are to be approved by a majority of the Senate, falls into what category of presidential powers? A.Administrative Powers B.Legislative Powers C.National Security Powers D.Judicial Powers LO 13.2 To Learning Objectives

97. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The ability to nominate ambassadors, who are to be approved by a majority of the Senate, falls into what category of presidential powers? A.Administrative Powers B.Legislative Powers C.National Security Powers D.Judicial Powers LO 13.2 To Learning Objectives

98. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The vice president’s main job is to A.wait. B.cast tie-breaking votes in the Senate. C.balance the presidential ticket during the election. D.play a central role in administration policy and advising. LO 13.3 To Learning Objectives

99. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The vice president’s main job is to A.wait. B.cast tie-breaking votes in the Senate. C.balance the presidential ticket during the election. D.play a central role in administration policy and advising. To Learning Objectives LO 13.3

100. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of the following are the primary constitutional tools available to presidents as chief legislators? A.Present information on the State of the Union to Congress. B.Recommend legislation to Congress. C.Veto legislation D.All of the above. LO 13.4 To Learning Objectives

101. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of the following are the primary constitutional tools available to presidents as chief legislators? A.Present information on the State of the Union to Congress. B.Recommend legislation to Congress. C.Veto legislation D.All of the above. To Learning Objectives LO 13.4

102. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Executive agreements require A.ratification by the House of Representatives. B.ratification by the Senate. C.ratification by both houses of Congress. D.none of the above. LO 13.5 To Learning Objectives

103. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Executive agreements require A.ratification by the House of Representatives. B.ratification by the Senate. C.ratification by both houses of Congress. D.none of the above. To Learning Objectives LO 13.5

104. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of the following is a factor that influence a president’s public approval ratings? A.political party identification B.rally events C.honeymoon period D.All the above LO 13.6 To Learning Objectives

105. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that influence a president’s public approval ratings? A.political party identification B.rally events C.honeymoon period D.All the above To Learning Objectives LO 13.6

106. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The press tends to emphasize the in its coverage of the presidency. A.positive B.negative C.liberals D.conservatives LO 13.7 To Learning Objectives

107. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The press tends to emphasize the in its coverage of the presidency. A.positive B.negative C.liberals D.conservatives To Learning Objectives LO 13.7

108. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Presidents following Lyndon Johnson for the most part have championed constraints on government and spending, especially in domestic policy. A.limits on B.big increases in C.huge growths in D.substantial increases To Learning Objectives LO 13.8

109. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Presidents following Lyndon Johnson for the most part have championed constraints on government and spending, especially in domestic policy. A.limits on B.big increases in C.huge growths in D.substantial increases To Learning Objectives LO 13.8