1. Chapter 2: Genetics Mendel’s Peas Discreet Units of Inheritance (genes) Genes Inherited Independently (Independent Assortment)

2. Cells Cell Cytoplasm Nucleus Chromosomes Diploid Organisms Have Chromosomes Organized in Homologous Pairs Humans have 46 Chromosomes (23 Homologous Pairs)

3. Cell Division Mitosis Making Somatic Cells Meiosis Making Sex Cells Diploid Daughter Cells Haploid Gametes (eggs & sperm)

4. Genes: DNA Alleles (different varieties of genes) HomozygousHeterozygous

5. Genotype = the particular genes or alleles that an individual has Phenotype = the observable trait of a individual’s genotype Dominant = individuals with only one copy of the allele have the same phenotype Recessive = individuals need two copies of the allele, no effect in the heterozygotes Terms

6. Mendel’s Peas Again F 0 to F 1 Parent Generation (F 0 ) Daughter Generation (F 1 ) True Breeding for Seed Color Homozygous Genotypes = AA & aa Phenotype = Yellow & Green Haploid Sex Cells Meiosis Sex Heterozygous Genotype = Aa Phenotype = Yellow

7. Mendel’s Peas Again F 1 to F 2 Meiosis Sex F 1 Generation Genotype = Aa Phenotype = Yellow F 2 Generation

8. Punnett Square A a AaAa AA Aa Aa aa Genotype = 1:2:1 Phenotype = 3:1

9. Punnett Square A a AAAA AA Aa Genotype = 1:1 Phenotype = 1

10. Punnett Square a AAAA Aa Genotype = 1 Phenotype = 1

11. Punnett Square a AaAa Aa aa Genotype = 1:1 Phenotype = 1:1

12. Punnett Square 2 Genes/Traits ab ABABABAB Aa Bb Aa Bb Genotype = 1:1 Phenotype = 1:1

13. Punnett Square 2 Genes/Traits AB Ab aB ab AB Ab aB ab Genotype = All Different Phenotype = 9:3:3:1 AA BB AA Bb Aa Bb Aa BB AA Bb Aa Bb Aa BB Aa Bb aa BB aa Bb Aa Bb Aa bb aa Bb AA bb aa bb Aa bb

14. Crossover

15. DNA = Deoxyribonucleic Acid Backbone Is made of Phosphates & Sugars Bases: AdenineThymine Guanine Cytosine A G T C T C A G Paired

16. Making an Exact Copy

17. Making a Protein ATTCGACCGATTCGACCG UAAGCUGGCUAAGCUGGC DNA mRNA U A A G C U G G C Amino Acid 2 Amino Acid 3 C G A Amino Acid 1 A U U C G G tRNA Cytoplasm