1. Introduction to Psychology Suzy Scherf Lecture 4: How Do We Act? Biological Basis of Behavior

2. Why Learn About Biology? Permits us to see human behavior as having a lot in common with that of other animals. When the biology/brain is disrupted, so is behavior! Considering our biology enables us to see how evolutionary processes have shaped our behavior.

3. The Mechanism of Heredity If a trait is not heritable - Genes are - Genes code for ________ human traits as well as a ________ set of individual traits

4. The Mechanism of Heredity Genes not diluted when combined - Normal adults diploid - Genes are particles

5. The Structure of Genetic Material Genes have different versions called ________ For each gene -

6. The Structure of Genetic Material Kinds of alleles: 1. Homozygous - 2. Heterozygous - different versions of alleles

7. The Structure of Genetic Material Kinds of Heterozygous alleles: 1. Dominant - 2. Recessive -

8. The Structure of Genetic Material Kinds of Heterozygous alleles: 3. Co-Dominant -

9. The Structure of Genetic Material 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell Each chromosome has a definite structure - Genes organized as ___________ in nucleus of all cells

10. Human Chromosomes

12. De Brazza Monkey Chromosomes

13. Sexual Reproduction and Genetic Transmission Offspring get __% genes from mom and __% from dad Why not reproduce asexually and pass on 100% of genes?

14. The Need for Genetic Variation Evolution needs to have genetic variation in order to select the genes that contribute to solving the problems presented by the local environment.

15. Major Sources of Genetic Variation 1. Each mature sex cell has 1 per 8 billion possible assortments of chromosomes. 2. During meiosis crossing over -

16. Major Sources of Genetic Variation 3. Random Assortment - 4. Mutations -

17. Genes to Traits Genes always working in combination with the environment - Genes don’t directly make bones, muscle, or brains Genes code and oversee the assembly of specific _______ and _________

18. Genes and Traits Very rarely does a single gene determine a trait, most especially a behavioral trait. Most behavioral traits are polygenetic -

19. Genotype vs. Phenotype Genotype - Phenotype -

20. Determinants of Phenotypic Expression 1. Reaction Range - 2. Canalization -

21. Determinants of Phenotypic Expression 3. Resilient Traits - 4. Fragile Traits -

22. Genetic Fallacy: Beware!

23. How do Genes Affect Behavior and Development? Genes code for: 1. 2. 3. 4.

24. 1. Genes influence the development of facultative traits - How do Genes Affect Behavior and Development? 2.Genes influence way the central nervous system works

25. How do Genes Affect Behavior and Development?

26. 1. What are our brains for? 2. How do our brains work? Two Focused Questions on Brains

27. Does Size Matter? What’s Special about Our Brain?

28. Does Shape Matter? What’s Special about Our Brain?

29. Australopithecus afarensis Ethiopia 3.5 million yrs. old 3’8” tall 1/3 brain size of modern humans Lucy’s SkullNeanderthal Skull Archaic Homo Sapiens 300,000 years ago Brain size 1175 cc Modern human brain size 1400 cc

31. Evolutionary Scale LucyNeanderthal Human

32. What’s Special about our Brains?

34. Passingham (2002)

35. What’s Special about our Brains? Semendeferi et al. (2002)

36. What’s Special about our Brains? Brain:body ratio Size and organization of more specific cortical areas within frontal cortex - Amount of frontal cortex -