2. Do Now: 1. Certain acquired characteristics, such as mechanical or mathematical skill may be inherited. 1. Certain acquired characteristics, such as mechanical or mathematical skill may be inherited. 2. Certain thoughts or experiences of a mother mark or alter the hereditary makeup of an unborn child. 2. Certain thoughts or experiences of a mother mark or alter the hereditary makeup of an unborn child. 3. Color blindness is more common in males than in females. 3. Color blindness is more common in males than in females. 4. A person may transmit characteristics to offspring which he/she does not show. 4. A person may transmit characteristics to offspring which he/she does not show. 5. Certain inherited traits may be altered by the stars, planets or moon early in development. 5. Certain inherited traits may be altered by the stars, planets or moon early in development. 6. The total number of male births exceeds female births each year. 6. The total number of male births exceeds female births each year.

3. Objectives: To distinguish between heredity and inheritance To distinguish between heredity and inheritance To describe Mendel’s experiments in heredity To describe Mendel’s experiments in heredity To compare heterozygous vs. homozygous and dominant vs. recessive. To compare heterozygous vs. homozygous and dominant vs. recessive.

4. Genetics Chapter 10.2, 10.3, 11.1, and 11.2

5. Basic Genetics Gregor Mendel The Father of Genetics

6. 1866- Gregor Mendel Austrian Monk Worked with Pea Plants Pure breeds Self-fertilization Discovered how traits were inherited in a population

7. Heredity – transmission of traits from parents to their offspring Inheritance passing of traits by heredity

8. Mendel’s experiments used pea plants

9. Pollination – transfer of pollen from anthers to stigma in flowers 1) self pollination occurs within the same flower or same plant 2) cross pollination occurs between different plants

10. Mendel’s Crosses with Pea Plants Pure tall plants X Pure short plants P1P1 parental generation Cross Pollination All Tall plants F1F1 first filial generation Self Pollination 787 tall plants, 277 short plants F2F2 second filial generation 3 to 1 ratio

13. Definitions Genetics – study of heredity

14. Gene – segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular protein genes occur in pairs genes occur in pairs

15. Allele – alternative form of a gene g = yellow pods G = green pods t = short T = tall Dominant capital letter (shields recessive trait) Recessive Lowercase letter (usually hidden)

16. (Ex: Blue eyes or Brown Eyes) Phenotype – physical characteristics of an organism

17. Genotype – genetic makeup of an organism (genes) (internal information Ex: BB, Bb, bb)

18. Where do Phenotypes come from?

19. Example of Genotype and Phenotype TT genotype Tall phenotype

20. Homozygous – when both alleles of a pair are the same homozygous dominant homozygous recessive TT tt

21. Heterozygous – when both alleles of a pair are not the same heterozygous (tall) Tt

22. In rabbits, black fur color is dominant over brown fur color B = black fur b = brown fur bb BBorBb

23. Think – Pair - Share If Fred Flintstone is heterozygous for black hair. If Fred Flintstone is heterozygous for black hair. (B=Black, b=blonde) (B=Black, b=blonde) What is Fred’s genotype? What is Fred’s genotype? What is Fred’s phenotype? What is Fred’s phenotype? Tweety bird is YY. (Y= yellow feathers, y=brown feathers) Tweety bird is YY. (Y= yellow feathers, y=brown feathers) 1. What is his genotype? 1. What is his genotype? 2. What is his phenotype? 2. What is his phenotype? 3. Is he heterozygous or homozygous? Explain. 3. Is he heterozygous or homozygous? Explain.

24. Homework Worksheet on homozygous/heterozygous and dominant and recessive. Due Tomorrow (or next time I see you!)

25. Do Now: Provide an example of the following terms: Provide an example of the following terms: Heterozygous Heterozygous Homozygous Homozygous Genotype Genotype Phenotype Phenotype Dominant Dominant Recessive Recessive Allele Allele Gene Gene

26. Objective: To describe Mendel’s 3 laws of inheritance To describe Mendel’s 3 laws of inheritance Complete a Monohybrid cross Complete a Monohybrid cross **Take Out your Homework!!!

27. 1) Law of Dominance Each trait is controlled by 2 factors, one factor (dominant ) may mask the other factor (recessive ) preventing it from having an effect. P1P1 F1F1 F2F2

28. 2) Law of Segregation Each allele a person has separates into different gametes Each allele a person has separates into different gametes Ex. Ww – one W goes in one sperm and the other w goes into another sperm Ex. Ww – one W goes in one sperm and the other w goes into another sperm w W Sperm w W

29. 3) Law of Independent Assortment Gene pairs (homologous) will separate randomly into gametes (metaphase I of meiosis) Gene pairs (homologous) will separate randomly into gametes (metaphase I of meiosis)

30. Monohybrid Cross R= Can roll your tongue R= Can roll your tongue r= Can’t roll your tongue r= Can’t roll your tongue Genotype Ratio: Genotype Ratio: Phenotype Ratio: Phenotype Ratio: Rr R r

31. Genotypic vs. Phenotypic Ratios Phenotype Ratio: Phenotype Ratio: Ratio of different physical traits Ratio of different physical traits Ex) Brown eyes ¼ or 25% Ex) Brown eyes ¼ or 25% Genotype Ratio: Genotype Ratio: Ratio of the different possible alleles Ratio of the different possible alleles Ex) Tt = ¼ or 25% Ex) Tt = ¼ or 25%

32. Test cross – an individual with unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual used to determine the genotype of any individual whose phenotype is dominant used to determine the genotype of any individual whose phenotype is dominant

33. Lets Try a Test Cross Spongebob squarepants doesn’t know whether or not he is Homozygous Dominant or Heterozygous for his yellow color. The recessive trait is a white sponge. Let’s say that we perform a “test cross” on spongebob (spongebob + a white female sponge) and all of the baby sponges are yellow. What would spongebob’s genotype be? Spongebob squarepants doesn’t know whether or not he is Homozygous Dominant or Heterozygous for his yellow color. The recessive trait is a white sponge. Let’s say that we perform a “test cross” on spongebob (spongebob + a white female sponge) and all of the baby sponges are yellow. What would spongebob’s genotype be?

34. Lets Try a Monohybrid together! 1)Daffy Duck is heterozygous for black feathers. Daisy Duck is homozygous for yellow feathers. Set up a punnett square and determine probabilities of their potential offspring. (Both genotype and phenotype ratios!) 2)B = Black b = yellow

35. Practice! Get with a partner and work on the sample problems! Get with a partner and work on the sample problems!

39. DO NOW: Sleeping Beauty has freckles. Her prince charming is heterozygous for no freckles. What are the chances of her children having freckles? Please show your work.

40. Objectives: To set up and complete a dihybrid cross. To set up and complete a dihybrid cross.

41. What is a dihybrid Cross? A dihybrid cross allows us to predict possible outcomes of offspring that will have 2 traits simultaneously. A dihybrid cross allows us to predict possible outcomes of offspring that will have 2 traits simultaneously. Ex: what would you get if you crossed a Brown-haired brown-eyed male with a blonde- haired blue-eyed female? How many of the children would have brown hair and brown eyes? Brown hair and blue eyes? Blonde hair and brown eyes? Blonde hair and blue eyes? Ex: what would you get if you crossed a Brown-haired brown-eyed male with a blonde- haired blue-eyed female? How many of the children would have brown hair and brown eyes? Brown hair and blue eyes? Blonde hair and brown eyes? Blonde hair and blue eyes?

42. Example

43. Setting up Dihybrid Crosses 1. Determine parent genotypes 1. Determine parent genotypes 2. Determine alleles to be passed down 2. Determine alleles to be passed down The FOIL method The FOIL method 3. Set up punnet square 3. Set up punnet square 4. Determine outcome 4. Determine outcome Phenotype Ratio Phenotype Ratio Genotype Ratio Genotype Ratio

44. Dihybrid Crosses Looking at two different traits Looking at two different traits Ex. Hair color and eye color Ex. Hair color and eye color B=brown eyes B=brown eyes b=blue eyes b=blue eyes R=Brown hair R=Brown hair r=blonde hair r=blonde hair Mother is heterozygous for both traits Mother is heterozygous for both traits Father is heterozygous for eye color and homozygous dominant for hair color Father is heterozygous for eye color and homozygous dominant for hair color

45. What could the phenotypes and genotypes be of their children?

46. More Practice Mickey Mouse is heterozygous for Round ears and homozygous for Black eyes. Minnie Mouse also is homozygous for Floppy ears and heterozygous for Black eyes. Determine genotype and phenotype ratios. (B=black, b=brown, R=round, r= floppy.) Mickey Mouse is heterozygous for Round ears and homozygous for Black eyes. Minnie Mouse also is homozygous for Floppy ears and heterozygous for Black eyes. Determine genotype and phenotype ratios. (B=black, b=brown, R=round, r= floppy.)

47. Practice! It’s Harry Potter time!! Get with a partner and work on the sample problems involving some of my favorite fictional characters! It’s Harry Potter time!! Get with a partner and work on the sample problems involving some of my favorite fictional characters!

48. DO NOW Take out your Harry Potter Homework! Take out your Harry Potter Homework! What is the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross where each parent is heterozygous for both traits? What is the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross where each parent is heterozygous for both traits?

49. Objectives: To define gene linkage and polypoidy. To define gene linkage and polypoidy. To understand pedigrees and figure out how to use one. To understand pedigrees and figure out how to use one.

50. 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Several genes on a chromosome Several genes on a chromosome Gene Linkage: Gene Linkage: When two genes are close to each other on the same chromosome When two genes are close to each other on the same chromosome

51. Gene Linkage  Linked genes on a chromosome results in an exception to Mendel’s law of independent assortment  Linked genes usually do not segregate independently

52. Drosophila (Fruit Flies) First organism with linked genes First organism with linked genes Linked genes typically travel together during crossing over Linked genes typically travel together during crossing over

53. Chromosome Map Crossing over occurs more frequently between genes that are far apart Crossing over occurs more frequently between genes that are far apart Map of genes on a chromosomes and frequency of crossing over Map of genes on a chromosomes and frequency of crossing over

54. Polyploidy Occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism. Occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism. Ex. A triploid organism (3n) - means that it has three complete sets of chromosomes. Ex. A triploid organism (3n) - means that it has three complete sets of chromosomes.

55. True or False – Correct false statements _______ 1. Crossing over occurs more frequently between genes that are close together on a chromosome. _______ 2. Gene linkage was first studied by using garden peas. _______ 3. Scientists call a drawing like the one shown below a chromosome map. _______ 4. Chromosome map percentages represent actual chromosome distances.

56. Matching

57. Pedigree Shows history of a trait in a family Shows history of a trait in a family Allows researchers to analyze traits within a family Allows researchers to analyze traits within a family

58. Symbols for Pedigree

59. Lets try to figure out their genotypes!

60. Dominant or Recessive Pedigrees can depict both dominant and recessive traits… Pedigrees can depict both dominant and recessive traits…

61. Homework Pedigree worksheet! Due next class! – worth 5 points!! Pedigree worksheet! Due next class! – worth 5 points!!

62. Do Now Take out pedigree homework! Take out pedigree homework! Fill in the genotypes for the following pedigree Fill in the genotypes for the following pedigree B=brown eyes B=brown eyes b = blue eyes b = blue eyes

63. Do Now Ariel and Prince Eric are curious to see what their babies will look like! Eric is heterozygous for black hair and Ariel has the recessive trait of red hair. Both are recessive for blue eyes. If they have 32 children, how many can we EXPECT to have red hair and blue eyes? Ariel and Prince Eric are curious to see what their babies will look like! Eric is heterozygous for black hair and Ariel has the recessive trait of red hair. Both are recessive for blue eyes. If they have 32 children, how many can we EXPECT to have red hair and blue eyes?

64. Objectives To understand incomplete dominance and be able to do incomplete dominance monohybrid crosses. To understand incomplete dominance and be able to do incomplete dominance monohybrid crosses. To explain codominance, multiple alleles, sex-linked traits, and polygenic inheritence. To explain codominance, multiple alleles, sex-linked traits, and polygenic inheritence.

65. Test Cross When the genotype of an individual is unknown, cross the individual with a homozygous recessive When the genotype of an individual is unknown, cross the individual with a homozygous recessive The outcome of the cross determines the genotype of the unknown The outcome of the cross determines the genotype of the unknown

66. 11.2 Incomplete Dominance: Heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes. Heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygous phenotypes. Two alleles are blended Two alleles are blended Ex) Four O’clock Flowers Ex) Four O’clock Flowers Red + White = Pink Red + White = Pink

67. Incomplete Dominance

68. Codominance Neither trait is dominant instead, both traits are shown (No Blending) Neither trait is dominant instead, both traits are shown (No Blending) Ex) Roan Cows Ex) Roan Cows Red + White = RED AND WHITE Red + White = RED AND WHITE

69. Sickle Cell Disease Affects red blood cells and ability to transport oxygen. Affects red blood cells and ability to transport oxygen. Homozygous recessive alleles= Homozygous recessive alleles= Heterozygous= Heterozygous= Homozygous dominant alleles= Homozygous dominant alleles=

70. Sickle Cell and Malaria People who are heterozygous for sickle cell, have a higher resistance to malaria. People who are heterozygous for sickle cell, have a higher resistance to malaria.

73. Multiple alleles – 3 or more alleles that control a trait Example – blood type (I A,I B,i o ) Example – blood type (I A,I B,i o ) GENOTYPES I A I A I A i o RESULTING PHENOTYPES Type A Type A IBIBIBioIBIBIBioIBIBIBioIBIBIBio Type B Type B IAIBIAIBIAIBIAIB Type AB ioioioioioioioio Type O

74. Universal Donor?

75. Sample Problem Determine the possible offspring of the following crosses Determine the possible offspring of the following crosses 1. AB and O 1. AB and O 2. AA and BO 2. AA and BO 3. AB and AB 3. AB and AB

76. Coat Color of Rabbits Rabbits have a hierarchy of coat color Rabbits have a hierarchy of coat color 4 alleles (C, c ch, c h, and c) 4 alleles (C, c ch, c h, and c) Dominant C > c ch > c h > c Recessive Dominant C > c ch > c h > c Recessive C Full color C Full color c ch Chinchilla c ch Chinchilla c h Himalayan c h Himalayan c albino c albino

77. Coat Color of Rabbits Full Color Himalayan Albino Chinchilla

78. Let’s try a sample problem cc x Cc ch cc x Cc ch Genotype and phenotype ratios Genotype and phenotype ratios

79. What do you see?

81. Sex Linked Traits Traits located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y) Traits located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y) X linked: gene is located on the X chromosomes X linked: gene is located on the X chromosomes Y linked: gene is located on the Y chromosome Y linked: gene is located on the Y chromosome

82. What are the chances of having a girl? How would you go about solving it? How would you go about solving it?

83. Sex-Linked Traits A man who is color blind marries a woman that is heterozygous for color blindness. What is the chance of having a color blind boy? A man who is color blind marries a woman that is heterozygous for color blindness. What is the chance of having a color blind boy?

84. Polygenic Traits  Polygenic traits arise from the interaction of multiple pairs of genes.

85. Objectives: To define test cross To define test cross To define incomplete dominance To define incomplete dominance To define codominance To define codominance

86. Codominance – condition in which both alleles of a gene are expressed example – roan coat in horses example – roan coat in horses white hair (H W ) is codominant with red hair (H R ) white hair (H W ) is codominant with red hair (H R ) horses with genotype (H R H W ) have coats with a mixture of red and white hairs (roan) horses with genotype (H R H W ) have coats with a mixture of red and white hairs (roan)

87. Roan Coat

88. Objectives: To predict the results of dihybrid crosses by using a Punnett square To predict the results of dihybrid crosses by using a Punnett square

89. dihybrid cross – cross between individuals that involves two pair of contrasting traits