1. Competency Goal # 3 The learner will develop an understanding of the continuity of life and the changes of organisms over time. (Weight 28%) Part 3

2. 1.What do genotype and phenotype mean?  Genotype—gene combination  Phenotype—outward appearance 2. Define: Allele -alternative forms of a gene for each trait Homozygous -when there are 2 identical alleles for a trait

3. Heterozygous -when there are 2 different alleles for a trait Gene -segment of DNA that controls protein production and the cell cycle Chromosome -cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells

4. 3.What is a zygote?  Diploid cell formed when a sperm and fertilizes an egg 4. Name the male and female gamete.  Male-sperm  Female-egg 5. What is a monohybrid cross?  When the two parents differ from each other by only a single trait

5. 6.When doing a Punnett square, how many boxes will it have for (monohybrid cross)? 44 7.What phenotypic ratio is produced in the offspring for the following monohybrid cross? RR x rr  100% round 0% wrinkle

6. 8.What is a dihybrid cross?  A cross involving two traits 9. How many boxes are used?  16 10. What phenotypic ratio is produced?  9:3:3:1

7. 11. What is a test cross and when is it used?  A cross of an individual of unknown genotype with an individual of known genotype  Helps determine the unknown genotype of the parent 12. What organism did Mendel use for his experiments?  Pea plants

8. 13. What three laws of genetics did he develop based on his results and observations?  Law of Segregation -every individual has two alleles of each gene and when gametes are produced, each gamete receives one of these alleles  Law of Independent Assortment-genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other  Law of dominance-Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype.

9. 14. What are the alleles for human blood types?  Phenotype A--I A  Phenotype B--I B  Phenotype O--i 15. Which alleles are dominant?  A & B 16. Which alleles are recessive? OO 17. Which alleles are codominant?  A & B

10. 18.What is meant by a codominant allele?  The phenotype of both homozygotes are produced in the heterozygote. 19. How is codominance different from incomplete dominance?  In incomplete dominance the phenotype of heterozygous individuals is intermediate between those of the two homozygotes.