1. 3.C.1 Effect on Phenotype Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype. Watch the following videos http://www.bozemanscience.com/mutatio ns http://www.bozemanscience.com/mutatio ns http://www.bozemanscience.com/001- natural-selection http://www.bozemanscience.com/001- natural-selection http://www.bozemanscience.com/034- mechanisms-that-increase-genetic-variation http://www.bozemanscience.com/034- mechanisms-that-increase-genetic-variation

2. Draw 5 boxes on your paper… On the front of your paper fill in the 5 boxes for 3C1 On the back of your paper take your own notes on 3C2 Turn in your notes when you finish both

3. A mutation is a change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome.

4. Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes phenotype.

5. Changes in phenotype result from changes in the type or amount of the protein produced. Amount of Protein

7. Box #1 How can mutations change phenotypes?

8. DNA mutations can be positive, negative or neutral. Mutations Positive Confers Selective Advantage Neutral No Change in Phenotype OR Phenotype is Selectively Neutral Negative Confers Selective Disadvantage

10. Whether or not a mutation is detrimental, beneficial or neutral depends on the environmental context Heterozygote advantage: The sickle cell trait can confer a selective advantage to heterozygote individuals in areas affected by malaria (plasmodium).

11. The sickle cell trait is a point mutation, which changes only one base pair.

12. Mutations are the primary source of genetic variation.

13. Box #2 Describe how a mutation can be beneficial.

14. Mutations result from: Errors in DNA replication Errors in DNA repair mechanisms External factors, such as radiation and reactive chemicals Errors in DNA replication Errors in DNA repair mechanisms External factors, such as radiation and reactive chemicals

15. Errors in mitosis or meiosis can result in changes in phenotype.

18. Box #3 Provide a brief explanation for the 3 ways in which mutations arise.

19. New chromosome combinations: triploidy usually results in a sterile individual because of unequal pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

20. Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with developmental limitations. There only three autosomal trisomies that result in a viable fetus; the others are too devastating, and the fetus usually dies in utero. Trisomy 13: Patau Syndrome Trisomy 18: Edward’s Syndrome Trisomy 21: Down Syndrome Trisomy 13: Patau Syndrome Trisomy 18: Edward’s Syndrome Trisomy 21: Down Syndrome

22. XO: Turner Syndrome

23. Box #4 Research one of trisomy 13, 18, or 21, and describe how this occurs

24. Genetic changes that enhance fitness can be selected for by environmental conditions.

26. Example: Antibiotic resistance mutations

27. Example: Pesticide resistance mutations

28. Box #5 How can mutations increase survival (fitness)?

29. Learning Objectives: LO 3.24 The student is able to predict how a change in genotype, when expressed as a phenotype, provides a variation that can be subject to natural selection. [See SP 6.4, 7.2] LO 3.25 The student can create a visual representation to illustrate how changes in a DNA nucleotide sequence can result in a change in the polypeptide produced. [See SP 1.1] LO 3.26 The student is able to explain the connection between genetic variations in organisms and phenotypic variations in populations. [See SP 7.2]