1. COPD Mohammad Ruhal Ain R Ph, PGDPRA, M Pharm (Clin. Pharm)
Department of Clinical Pharmacy

2. Define !

3. Definition
 COPD?
•syndrome of chronic limitation in expiratory airflow encompassing emphysema or chronic bronchitis. Airflow obstruction may be accompanied by airway hyperresponsiveness and may be not be fully reversible.
 Emphysema
•abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis
Chronic Bronchitis?
•consists of persistent cough plus sputum production for most days out of 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years

4. Inelastic collapsible bronchioles
Emphysema
Enlarged air sacs due to destruction of alveolar walls (bullae)
Abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis
Destruction of the alveolar wall damages pulmonary capillaries by tearing, fibrosis, or thrombosis
Inelastic collapsible bronchioles
Abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis
Walls of individual sacs torn (repair not possible)

5. Bronchiole
Chronic Bronchitis
Air passage narrowed by plugged and swollen mucous membrane
Presence of chronic productive cough for 3 months in each of 2 successive years in a patient in whom other causes of chronic cough have been excluded
Mucus and pus impede action of respiratory cilia

6. Inflammation: COPD vs Asthma
Inflammation is an important component in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD
The inflammatory response in asthma and COPD is markedly different, although some cell types are present in both diseases
The predominant inflammatory cells in asthma include
Eosinophils
Mast cells
CD4+ T lymphocytes
The predominant inflammatory cells in COPD include
Neutrophils
CD8+ T lymphocytes
Macrophages
The role of these cells in COPD is not fully understood

7. Asthma Sensitizing agent COPD Noxious agent
Asthmatic airway inflammation CD4+ T-lymphocytes Eosinophils
COPD airway inflammation CD8+ T-lymphocytes Macrophages Neutrophils
Completely reversible
Airflow limitation
Completely irreversible

8. Differential Diagnosis: COPD and Asthma
Onset in mid-life
Symptoms slowly progressive
Long smoking history
Dyspnea during exercise
Largely irreversible
airflow limitation
Onset early in life (often childhood)
Symptoms vary from day to day
Symptoms at night/early morning
Allergy, rhinitis, and/or eczema also present
Family history of asthma
Largely reversible airflow limitation

9. COPD: Risk Factors Exposures Smoking (generally ≥90%) Passive smoking
Ambient air pollution
Occupational dust/chemicals
Childhood infections (severe respiratory, viral)
Socioeconomic status
Host factors
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (<1%)
Hyperresponsive airways
Lung growth

10. indoor/outdoor pollution
Diagnosis of COPD
EXPOSURE TO RISK
FACTORS
SYMPTOMS
shortness of breath
tobacco
chronic cough
occupation
sputum
indoor/outdoor pollution è
SPIROMETRY: Required to establish diagnosis

11. Spirometric Diagnosis of COPD
COPD is confirmed by post– bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.7
Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC measured 15 minutes after 400µg salbutamol or equivalent

12. GOLD Guidelines for COPD
Stage 0: At Risk
Diagnosis
Chronic cough/sputum
PFTs within normal limits
No symptoms
Treatment
Avoid risk factors (smoking cessation)

13. GOLD Guidelines for COPD
Stage I: Mild
Diagnosis
FEV1 >80% predicted
FEV1/FVC <70%
With/without symptoms
Treatment
Avoid risk factors
Short-acting bronchodilator PRN

14. GOLD Guidelines for COPD
Stage II: Moderate
Diagnosis
50%  FEV1 <80% predicted
FEV1/FVC <70%
With/without symptoms
Treatment
Avoid risk factors
Regular therapy with  1 bronchodilators
Inhaled corticosteroids if significant symptoms and lung function response
Rehabilitation

15. GOLD Guidelines for COPD
Stage III:Severe
Diagnosis
30%  FEV1 < 50% predicted
FEV1/FVC < 70%
With/without symptoms
Treatment
Avoid risk factors
Regular therapy with  1 bronchodilators
Rehabilitation
Inhaled corticosteroids if significant symptoms and lung function response or if repeated exacerbations

16. GOLD Guidelines for COPD
Stage IV: Very Severe
Diagnosis
FEV1 < 30% predicted
FEV1/FVC < 70%
Respiratory failure
Right-side-of-the-heart failure
Treatment
Avoid risk factors
Regular therapy with 1 bronchodilators
Inhaled corticosteroids if significant symptoms and lung function response or repeated exacerbations
Rehabilitation
Treatment of complications
Long-term O2 therapy for hypoxic respiratory failure
Evaluate for surgical treatment

17. Case: S.H. is a 50-year-old male smoker with a recent diagnosis of COPD. Spirometry showed FEV1/FVC 60%; pre-bronchodilator FEV1 70% of predicted; and post bronchodilator FEV1 72% of predicted.
The gold standard in diagnosing COPD patient is ?
I.Spirometry
II.Xray
III.ABG

18. The diagnosis of COPD is based on
Assessment-Dx
The diagnosis of COPD is based on
I. A history of exposure to risk factors
II. The presence of airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, with or without the presence of symptoms.
For the diagnosis and assessment of COPD, spirometry is the gold standard.
FEV1/FVC less than 70% of predicted +
a postbronchodilator FEV1 less than 80%
= airflow limitation
An FEV1/FVC ratio less
than 70% is the hallmark of COPD
Bronchodilator reversibility testing is generally
performed only once, at the time of diagnosis, to rule out the diagnosis of asthma

19. Assessment
S.H. is a 50-year-old male smoker with a recent diagnosis of COPD. Spirometry showed FEV1/FVC 60%; pre-bronchodilator FEV1 70% of predicted; and post bronchodilator FEV1 72% of predicted.
The gold standard in diagnosing COPD patient is ?
I.Spirometry
II.Xray
III.ABG
When to use ABG?
I.Patient with stable COPD
II.Patient with FEV1 >70 %
III.Patient with FEV1<50 % with and or clinical signs suggestive of respiratory failure or right heart failure.

20. Assessment
S.H. is a 50-year-old male smoker with a recent diagnosis of COPD. Spirometry showed FEV1/FVC 60%; pre bronchodilator FEV1 70% of predicted; and post bronchodilator FEV1 72% of predicted.
History of exposure to risk factors may play a role in S.H condition , what’s the most common risk factor
I. tobacco smoke
II. occupational dusts and chemicals,
III. and smoke from home cooking and heating fuels
Note: ALL of the above considered to be a risk factor

21. Plan Therapy Goals I.Relieve symptoms II.Improve exercise tolerance.
III.Improve health status.
I.Prevent and treat exacerbations.
II.Prevent disease progression
III.Prevent and treat complications.
IV.Reduce mortality.
V.Minimize adverse effects from treatment.
Relieve symptoms
Reduce risk

22. Case: S.H. is a 50-year-old male smoker with a recent diagnosis of COPD. Spirometry showed FEV1/FVC 60%; pre-bronchodilator FEV1 70% of predicted; and post bronchodilator FEV1 72% of predicted.
Q. Which of the following is the severity classification (stage) of S.H.’s COPD
A. Stage I: Mild.
B. Stage II: Moderate.
C. Stage III: Severe.
D. Stage IV: Very severe.

23. FEV1/FVC always less than 70% in patient with COPD
Patient has post bronchodilator FEV1 72% of predicted
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Workshop Executive Summary: Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. National Institutes of Health National Heart,
Lung and Blood Institute, 2013update

24. Case: S.H. is a 50-year-old male smoker with a recent diagnosis of COPD. Spirometry showed FEV1/FVC 60%; pre-bronchodilator FEV1 70% of predicted; and post bronchodilator FEV1 72% of predicted.
Q. Which of the following is the severity classification (stage) of S.H.’s COPD
A. Stage I: Mild.
B. Stage II: Moderate.
C. Stage III: Severe.
D. Stage IV: Very severe.

25. Plan
Q.Which one of the following pharmacotherapy options is most appropriate for S.H. to be started on?
A.Albuterol MDI 2 puffs every 4–6 hours as needed.
B.Albuterol MDI 2 puffs every 4–6 hours as needed plus formoterol inhale 1 capsule 2 times/day.
C.Albuterol MDI 2 puffs every 4–6 hours as needed plus salmeterol/fluticasone 50/500 1 puff 2 times/day.
D.Albuterol MDI 2 puffs every 4–6 hours as needed plus salmeterol/fluticasone 50/500 1 puff 2 times/ day plus home oxygen.

26. Plan

27. Q: Which one of the following pharmacotherapy options is most appropriate for S.H. to be started on?
A. Albuterol MDI 2 puffs every 4–6 hours as needed.
B. Albuterol MDI 2 puffs every 4–6 hours as needed plus formoterol inhale 1 capsule 2 times/day.
C. Albuterol MDI 2 puffs every 4–6 hours as needed plus salmeterol/fluticasone 50/500 1 puff 2 times/day.
D. Albuterol MDI 2 puffs every 4–6 hours as needed plus salmeterol/fluticasone 50/500 1 puff 2 times/ day plus home oxygen.

28. Plan
Complete the following sentence
•…………. Is the most important component of COPD management?
Q: Other pharmacologic treatments for COPD
a. Smoking cessation
b. Influenza vaccine annually
c. Pneumococcal vaccine
d. α1-Antitrypsin augmentation therapy in patient with Severe hereditary α1-antitrypsin deficiency and established emphysema
D. All of the above
MCQ

29. Plan
Complete the following sentence
•…………. Is the most important component of COPD management? (Smoke caesation)
Q: Other pharmacologic treatments for COPD
a. Smoking cessation
b. Influenza vaccine annually
c. Pneumococcal vaccine
d. α1-Antitrypsin augmentation therapy in patient with Severe hereditary α1-antitrypsin deficiency and established emphysema
D. All of the above
MCQ

30. True or false?
Q. Bronchodilator medications are central to the symptomatic management of COPD ?
True False
Q. The preferred route for bronchodilators in the management of COPD is by inhalation ?
True False
Q. Regular treatment with LABAs is more effective and convenient than with SABAs for treating COPD patient ?
Q. Combining bronchodilators with different mechanisms and durations of action may improve efficacy with the same or fewer adverse effects compared with increasing the dose of a single bronchodilator?
Q. All bronchodilators have been shown to improve exercise capacity, but they may not significantly improve FEV1 in patient with COPD?
Q. LABAs improve health status and decrease COPD exacerbations.

31. True or false?
Q. Bronchodilator medications are central to the symptomatic management of COPD ?
True
Q. The preferred route for bronchodilators in the management of COPD is by inhalation ?
Q. Regular treatment with LABAs is more effective and convenient than with SABAs for treating COPD patient ?
Q. Combining bronchodilators with different mechanisms and durations of action may improve efficacy with the same or fewer adverse effects compared with increasing the dose of a single bronchodilator?
Q. All bronchodilators have been shown to improve exercise capacity, but they may not significantly improve FEV1 in patient with COPD?
Q. LABAs improve health status and decrease COPD exacerbations.

32. MCQ
Q. Treatment with a long-acting anticholinergic in patients with COPD
I. Delays first exacerbation
II. Reduces the overall number of COPD exacerbations
III. Improves the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation
IV. All of the above .

33. MCQ
Q. In COPD patients , ICS is appropriate for
I. Patients with an FEV1 less than 50% (stages III and IV) of predicted and repeated exacerbations
II.Patient with FEV1/FVC < 70% and 50% ≤ FEV1< 80% of predicted (stage II Moderate)
III.Patient FEV1/FVC < 70% FEV1 ≥ 80% of predicted (Stage 1 mild)

35. MCQ
Q. In COPD patients , ICS is appropriate for
I. Patients with an FEV1 less than 50% (stages III and IV) of predicted and repeated exacerbations
II.Patient with FEV1/FVC < 70% and 50% ≤ FEV1< 80% of predicted (stage II Moderate)
III.Patient FEV1/FVC < 70% FEV1 ≥ 80% of predicted (Stage 1 mild)

36. Q. Regarding the use of ICS in COPD
I. ICSs decrease the frequency of exacerbations
II. ICSs alone do not modify the progressive decline in FEV
III. ICSs alone do not decrease mortality.
IV. ICSs Increased incidence of pneumonia
V. All of the above

37. Q. Regarding the use of ICS in COPD
I. ICSs decrease the frequency of exacerbations
II. ICSs alone do not modify the progressive decline in FEV
III. ICSs alone do not decrease mortality.
IV. ICSs Increased incidence of pneumonia
V. All of the above

38. True or false
Q. In stable COPD patient , An ICS combined with a LABA is more effective than the individual components?
True False
Q. In stable COPD , An ICS-LABA combination reduces the rate of decline of FEV1
Q. In stable COPD , Chronic treatment with OCSs should be avoided because of an unfavorable benefit-risk ratio

39. True or false
Q. In stable COPD patient , An ICS combined with a LABA is more effective than the individual components?
True False
Q. In stable COPD , An ICS-LABA combination reduces the rate of decline of FEV1
Q. In stable COPD , Chronic treatment with OCSs should be avoided because of an unfavorable benefit-risk ratio

40. Case: K.R. is a 60-year-old man with COPD who smokes ½ pack/day (cut down from 2 packs/day). He has had a gradual worsening in shortness of breath.
Spirometry shows FEV1/FVC 55% and FEV1 63%. His current COPD medications are tiotropium (Spiriva) once daily and albuterol HFA as needed.
Which one of the following is the most appropriate course of action?
A. Add salmeterol 1 puff 2 times/day.
B. Change tiotropium to salmeterol 1 puff 2 times/day.
C. Add fluticasone 110 mcg 2 puffs 2 times/day.
D. Discontinue tiotropium and start Advair 250/50.

42. Case: K.R. is a 60-year-old man with COPD who smokes ½ pack/day (cut down from 2 packs/day). He has had a gradual worsening in shortness of breath.
Spirometry shows FEV1/FVC 55% and FEV1 63%. His current COPD medications are tiotropium (Spiriva) once daily and albuterol HFA as needed.
Which one of the following is the most appropriate course of action?
A. Add salmeterol 1 puff 2 times/day.
B. Change tiotropium to salmeterol 1 puff 2 times/day.
C. Add fluticasone 110 mcg 2 puffs 2 times/day.
D. Discontinue tiotropium and start Advair 250/50.

43. Case: A 60-year-old man with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been using albuterol HFA (ProAir) 2 puffs 4 times/day as needed. His symptoms have worsened during the past few months, and now, he has persistent symptoms and shortness of breath, even while walking around his house. His spirometry showed a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of 70% of predicted and an FEV1/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) of 60% of predicted. Which one of the following
Q. Which Medications is best to initiate
A. Fluticasone (Flovent).
B. Tiotropium (Spiriva).
C. Montelukast (Singulair).
D. Omalizumab (Xolair).

45. Case: A 60-year-old man with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been using albuterol HFA (ProAir) 2 puffs 4 times/day as needed. His symptoms have worsened during the past few months, and now, he has persistent symptoms and shortness of breath, even while walking around his house. His spirometry showed a forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of 70% of predicted and an FEV1/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) of 60% of predicted. Which one of the following
Q. Which Medications is best to initiate
A. Fluticasone (Flovent).
B. Tiotropium (Spiriva).
C. Montelukast (Singulair).
D. Omalizumab (Xolair).

46. Q. Side effects of anti cholinergic (eg ,Ipratropium bromide , tiotropium ) include the following except
I.Dry mouth , headache , Blurred vision
II.Flushed skin , Tachycardia
III.Hypokalemia
Q. Difference between ipratopium and tiotropium include the following
I.Tiotropium half life is longer than ipratropium
II.Ipratropium availbale as nebulization as well as inhlation
III.Duration of Tiotropium is more than 24 hr while ipratropium is 8 hrs
IV.All of the above

51. Q. Side effects of anti cholinergic (eg ,Ipratropium bromide , tiotropium ) include the following except
I.Dry mouth , headache , Blurred vision
II.Flushed skin , Tachycardia
III.Hypokalemia
Q. Difference between ipratopium and tiotropium include the following
I. Tiotropium half life is longer than ipratropium
II. Ipratropium availbale as nebulization as well as inhlation
III. Duration of Tiotropium is more than 24 hr while ipratropium is 8 hrs
IV. All of the above

52. Logbook Question
•GG is a 52-year-old man who complains to his physician of increasing shortness of breath and when walking his dog.
•He has been experiencing several months of persistent, very productive cough that is particularly bothersome when he wakes up in the morning.
•His medical history generally is unremarkable, except for smoking 2 packs per day of cigarettes for the past 20 years.
•On physical examination, he is noted to be a moderately obese male who is slightly cyan- otic. Coarse breath sounds are noted on auscultation. Spirometry results indicate a forced expiratory capacity at 1 second (FEV 1 ) that is 65% of predicted, which improves slightly after administration of an inhaled short-acting -agonist. An initial diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is made.

53. Write SOAP note
•S :
•O:
•A:
•P: