1. Psychology 001 Introduction to Psychology Christopher Gade, PhD Office: 621 Heafey Office hours: F 3-6 and by apt. Email: gadecj@gmail.com Class WF 7:00-8:30 Heafey 650

2. Today’s Lecture is on Developmental Psychology! What do developmental psychologists study? What do developmental psychologists study? Development and Change Development and Change Cognitive Cognitive Personality and Emotion Personality and Emotion Physical Physical Genetics Genetics

3. Genetics and Development Why do developmental psychologists study genetics? Why do developmental psychologists study genetics? Attempt to determine heritability Attempt to determine heritability Heritability: an estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity. Heritability: an estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity. Note: This a chance for us to revisit the nature versus nurture issue. Note: This a chance for us to revisit the nature versus nurture issue. Nature – the effects of your genetics on aspects of your development and psyche Nature – the effects of your genetics on aspects of your development and psyche Nurture – the effects of the environment on aspects of your development and psyche Nurture – the effects of the environment on aspects of your development and psyche Attempt to identify specific genes and genotypes Attempt to identify specific genes and genotypes

4. Biological Beginnings At one point in time in each of our pasts, we were one cell At one point in time in each of our pasts, we were one cell These cells contained a very These cells contained a very special code that was transferred to every cell replicated from this first cell These codes determined a very, very large portion about who we are today, who we were in the past, and who we will be in the future. These codes determined a very, very large portion about who we are today, who we were in the past, and who we will be in the future.

5. More on the “Code” Your “code” was contained within the nucleus of these cells on threadlike structures called chromosomes Your “code” was contained within the nucleus of these cells on threadlike structures called chromosomes Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – a complex molecule that contains genetic information and has a double helix shape Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – a complex molecule that contains genetic information and has a double helix shape Genes – units of heredity information composed of DNA; Genes direct cells to: Genes – units of heredity information composed of DNA; Genes direct cells to: A) reproduce themselves A) reproduce themselves B) assemble proteins that direct cell growth and body processes B) assemble proteins that direct cell growth and body processes

6. Looking Closer at the Code Each of our genetic combinations are located on strands called chromosomes. Each person has 23 pairs of chromosomes (e.g. 4 chromosomes total). Each of our genetic combinations are located on strands called chromosomes. Each person has 23 pairs of chromosomes (e.g. 4 chromosomes total). Most chromosomes in humans look very similar under the microscope, except for one. Most chromosomes in humans look very similar under the microscope, except for one.

7. What We’ve Learned about Genes Genes not only determine how your cells are going to multiply and grow, they determine a lot about who you are and how you’re going to develop Genes not only determine how your cells are going to multiply and grow, they determine a lot about who you are and how you’re going to develop We now believe that the average human cell contains approximately 20,500 genes We now believe that the average human cell contains approximately 20,500 genes Human genome – the complete set of genes contained within a human being Human genome – the complete set of genes contained within a human being Note: genes are outnumbered by proteins, this indicates that the genetic code in these genes collaborate with each other, and can be turned on and off due to these collaborations Note: genes are outnumbered by proteins, this indicates that the genetic code in these genes collaborate with each other, and can be turned on and off due to these collaborations Computer programming analogy Computer programming analogy

8. How do developmental psychologists study heritability from genes? - Sibling studies Identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins Identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins Siblings (similar to fraternal twins) Siblings (similar to fraternal twins) Adopted children Adopted children Twins reared together compared to twins reared apart Twins reared together compared to twins reared apart Minnesota Twin Registry (Thomas Bouchard) Minnesota Twin Registry (Thomas Bouchard) Sweeden Twin Research Sweeden Twin Research

9. Example of Correlation Results found in Twins Studies

10. Jim Lewis and Jim Springer Divorced (Linda) Remarried (Betty) Middle Class Romantic/affectionate Son “James Alan” Dog “Toy” Woodshop Stock car racing Drinking Miller Lite Chain Smoker Chewed nails to the nub Migraines Divorced (Linda) Remarried (Betty) Middle Class Romantic/affectionate Son “James Alan” Dog “Toy” Woodshop Stock car racing Drinking Miller Lite Chain Smoker Chewed nails to the nub Migraines

11. Do these twin studies tell us everything we need to know about genetic influence? The influence of genetics on behavior in society The influence of genetics on behavior in society The influence of experience on behavior in society The influence of experience on behavior in society The influence of genetics and experience on society’s reaction to the individual The influence of genetics and experience on society’s reaction to the individual The influence of society’s reactions on behavior. The influence of society’s reactions on behavior. The circular pattern that goes on, and on, and on… The circular pattern that goes on, and on, and on…

12. Looking at Development: From a Single Fused Cell to Birth Developmental scientists study human development from the point of conception to death. However, a large focus of their research examines the specifics of what occurs up to birth and immediately after. Developmental scientists study human development from the point of conception to death. However, a large focus of their research examines the specifics of what occurs up to birth and immediately after. From research, we’ve come to believe that our development from fertilization to birth can be split up into three different periods: From research, we’ve come to believe that our development from fertilization to birth can be split up into three different periods: Germinal period (0-14 days after conception) Germinal period (0-14 days after conception) The embryonic period (2-8 weeks after conception) The embryonic period (2-8 weeks after conception) The fetal period (8 weeks to birth) The fetal period (8 weeks to birth)

13. The Germinal Period (0-2 weeks) The fertilized egg is called a zygote in this period The fertilized egg is called a zygote in this period The original cell multiplies rapidly (mitosis) in this stage (over 100 cells by 1 week) The original cell multiplies rapidly (mitosis) in this stage (over 100 cells by 1 week) Two masses of cells already begin to form in this stage Two masses of cells already begin to form in this stage Blastocysts – inner mass of cells Blastocysts – inner mass of cells that will eventually develop into the embryo Trophoblasts – outer layer of cells Trophoblasts – outer layer of cells that later provide nutrients and support for the cell Implantation – the attachment of Implantation – the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall of a female – marks the end of this stage of development

14. The Embryonic Period (2-8 weeks) After the blastocysts attach to the uterine wall After the blastocysts attach to the uterine wall Cells multiply faster in this period Cells multiply faster in this period The cells diversify even further The cells diversify even further (organagenesis - organ formation) (organagenesis - organ formation) Endoderm – digestive/respiratory systems Endoderm – digestive/respiratory systems Ectoderm – nervous system, sensory receptors Ectoderm – nervous system, sensory receptors Mesoderm – circulatory, bones, muscles, excretory and reproductive systems Mesoderm – circulatory, bones, muscles, excretory and reproductive systems Life support system Life support system Amnion - protective envelope that eventually contains amniotic fluid Amnion - protective envelope that eventually contains amniotic fluid Umbilical cord – arteries and vein that connect the baby to the placenta Umbilical cord – arteries and vein that connect the baby to the placenta Placenta – a group of tissues that intertwine with the mother and is used for for sharing of small molecules between the mother and child Placenta – a group of tissues that intertwine with the mother and is used for for sharing of small molecules between the mother and child

15. Brain Development at this Stage Neural tube, a collection of cells that will form the brain and nervous system develop during this period Neural tube, a collection of cells that will form the brain and nervous system develop during this period Located on the embryo’s back Located on the embryo’s back Forms between 2 to 3 weeks after conception Forms between 2 to 3 weeks after conception Must close or severe birth defects occur Must close or severe birth defects occur Ancephaly – highest regions of the brain fail to develop Ancephaly – highest regions of the brain fail to develop Spina bifida – lower regions of the neural tube fail to close, resulting in varying levels of paralysis Spina bifida – lower regions of the neural tube fail to close, resulting in varying levels of paralysis

16. After the Neural Tube Closes Neurogenesis – massive reproduction of the cells in this tube (become the nervous system) Neurogenesis – massive reproduction of the cells in this tube (become the nervous system)and Neuronal migration – the moving Neuronal migration – the moving and formation of nervous system structures Synapses – connection between Synapses – connection between neural cells called neurons video video occur after the neural tube has closed

17. The Fetal Period – (8 Weeks to Birth) In addition to the three periods, human growth is often split into three trimesters, the fetal period begins in the last 1/3 of the first trimester In addition to the three periods, human growth is often split into three trimesters, the fetal period begins in the last 1/3 of the first trimester

18. The Second Trimester Point of Possible Survival Outside the Womb

19. The Third Trimester

20. At Birth Little to no control over most muscles Little to no control over most muscles Horrible visual abilities Horrible visual abilities 60-100 billion neurons in the brain/nervous system 60-100 billion neurons in the brain/nervous system Apgar scale – identifies ability to handle stress and high-risk infants Apgar scale – identifies ability to handle stress and high-risk infants A few reflexes ( Rooting, Sucking, Grasping, Babinski, Stepping) A few reflexes ( Rooting, Sucking, Grasping, Babinski, Stepping)

21. So What Have We Learned? We learned about the relationship between genetics and developmental psychology. We learned about the relationship between genetics and developmental psychology. We learned about the physical development that takes place as we transition from an embryo to a newborn. We learned about the physical development that takes place as we transition from an embryo to a newborn.

22. Now what? In the next class, we’ll discuss the cognitive and social development of individuals after they are born. In the next class, we’ll discuss the cognitive and social development of individuals after they are born. Our main focus for the next section will be on Jean Piaget and his theories about the cognitive development of children, but we’ll extend his work to examine other developmental theorists as well. Our main focus for the next section will be on Jean Piaget and his theories about the cognitive development of children, but we’ll extend his work to examine other developmental theorists as well.