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Defending North America Ch. 6 (p. 135-136, 140-144)

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Presentation on theme: "Defending North America Ch. 6 (p. 135-136, 140-144)"— Presentation transcript:

1 Defending North America Ch. 6 (p. 135-136, 140-144)

2 North American Defence ► When the Cold War began, it seemed that Europe would be where the action was  Iron Curtain, Soviet buffer zone ► New technology made North America vulnerable too  Long-range bombers, long-range missiles  Shortest path from USSR to USA is over North Pole and Canada (p. 133) ► USA and Canada start to build up defences to prevent or warn against a possible nuclear attack

3 Long-Range Bombers

4 Long-Range Missiles

5 North American Defence ► USA constructs three lines of radar stations across Canada, Alaska, Arctic in 1950s, each getting further north (p. 134)  Pinetree Line, Mid-Canada Line, Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line  To detect a surprise Soviet attack, give USA time to intercept attack, launch counterattack  USA military personnel stationed in Canada ► Reduced Canada’s independence? ► Possible loss of independence worth greater security?

6 DEW Line

7 North American Defence ► North American Air Defence (NORAD) – 1957  Canadian-American organization to share responsibility for air defence of North America  Command station in Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado, USA ► Designed to withstand a nuclear attack ► Controls fighter jets, missile bases, radar  Canadian command post underground at North Bay, Ontario

8 NORAD

9 NORAD

10 North American Defence ► Civil Defence  Fearing a nuclear attack, some Canadian cities dug nuclear fallout shelters  Warning sirens, people go to shelters  School drills – “duck and cover”  In reality, shelters and “duck and cover” were practically useless in a nuclear attack, but good for public morale  Constant tension, fear, and anxiety

11 North American Defence ► http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- 2kdpAGDu8s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- 2kdpAGDu8s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- 2kdpAGDu8s

12 Cuban Missile Crisis ► Communists, led by Fidel Castro, seize power in Cuba in 1959 ► USA attempted to invade Cuba, overthrow communists, but failed  Cuba forms close relationship with USSR ► Oct. 1962: USA discovers USSR installing nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba, huge threat to USA and Canada (p. 140) ► USA imposes blockade on Cuba, ready for war  NORAD on high alert

13 Cuban Missile Crisis

14

15 ► Canada’s Response  President Kennedy expected Canadian support  PM Diefenbaker wanted United Nations to investigate in Cuba, did not believe USA ► Delayed placing Canadian NORAD forces on alert ► Did not allow US military planes to land in Canada ► PM Diefenbaker believed that he was protecting Canadian independence, but 80% of Canadians disapprove of his actions ► Hurt Canadian-American relations

16 Cuban Missile Crisis ► USSR refuses to remove the missiles, readies for war ► Soviet ships heading towards blockaded Cuba, US waiting for them ► USSR decides at last minute to turn ships around, remove missiles, US promises not to invade Cuba ► Closest USA and USSR got to nuclear war, whole world fearing destruction for 13 days

17 Cuban Missile Crisis

18 The Avro Arrow ► To help defend Canada from a Soviet attack, the Avro Arrow supersonic jet was developed in the 1950s  Most advanced fighter jet in the world ► Development costs skyrocketed  From $2 million to $12.5 million per plane ► Missiles become better defense than jets ► PM Diefenbaker cancelled the Avro Arrow project on 1959

19 The Avro Arrow

20 ► Popular Belief  US military jealous of advanced Arrow, convince PM Diefenbaker to cancel project ► Historians  Arrow was way too costly, Canada could not afford it, other countries didn’t want to buy it

21 The Nuclear Issue in Canada ► After Arrow cancelled, Canada considers buying Bomarc missiles from the US  Would be located at Canadian military bases  Defence shield, intercept Soviet missiles  Meant to carry nuclear warheads, were of little use without them ► Should Canada have nuclear weapons?  USA thought so: help protect Canada and USA, Canada’s obligation as part of NORAD and NATO  Many Canadians disagreed: made Canada a target, contributed to possible nuclear war

22 Bomarc Missiles

23 The Nuclear Issue in Canada ► Conservative Party divided over Bomarc missiles ► Liberal Party leader Lester Pearson initially against missiles, then changes mind ► 1963 Election: Liberals win minority gov.  Lester Pearson becomes Prime Minister  Country not fully sure about Pearson & Liberals, but believe poor US-Canada relationship because of Diefenbaker bad for Canada ► Pearson accepts nuclear Bomarc missiles ► Trudeau is elected PM in 1968, phases out the Bomarc missiles by 1971

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