1. Pertemuan 08 System Development: System life cycle methodologies Matakuliah: TI307/Sistem Informasi Tahun: 2012 Versi: 1 1

2. Learning Outcomes Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa akan mampu : Mahasiswa dapat Menerangkan tahap dalam pengembangan sisfo perusahaan (C2) Mahasiswa dapat Memilih metode pengembangan sisfo untuk suatu perusahaan (C4) 2

3. Outline Materi The Traditional SDLC Tahapan siklus hidup sistem Personil yang terlibat Manajemen siklus hidup Keuntungan sentralisasi Susunan manajer Tahap pembangunan 3

4. THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE The system life development cycle (SDLC) is an application of the systems approach methodology to the development of an information system 4

5. THE TRADITIONAL SDLC It didn’t take the first system developers long to recognize a sequence if the project was to have the best chance of success: Planning Analysis Design Implementation Use Figure 7.4 illustrates how the life cycle phases can fit into a circular pattern over time 5

6. 6

7. Planning Phase n Benefits –Define scope of the project –Spot potential problems –Arrange tasks in sequence –Provide basis for control 7-7

8. Steps 1. Recognize problem (the trigger) 2. Define problem 3. Set objectives 4. Identify constraints Recall that objectives, standards, and constraints are problem-solving elements. 7-8

9. Steps (cont.) 5.Conduct feasibility study (TENLOS) –Technical –Economic return –Noneconomic return –Legal and ethical –Operational –Schedule 7-9

10. Steps (cont.) 6.Prepare study project proposal –Goes to MIS steering committee 7.Approve or disapprove (go/no go) –Key questions? 1.Will the system accomplish its goals? 2.Is this the best way to go about it? 7-10

11. Steps (cont.) 8.Establish a control mechanism –Think in terms of: »1. What »2. Who »3. When (Person-months versus calendar months) –PERT and CPM network diagrams 7-11

12. Define the problem Consult Prepare a system study proposal Establish a control mechanism Approve or disapprove the study project Recognize the problem Set system objectives Identify system constraints The Planning Phase MIS Steering Comm Manager Systems Analyst 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Conduct a feasibility study 7-12

13. Analysis Phase n Steps 1.Announce »Reasons for project »Purpose: inform and counteract fear 2.Organize project team »User(s) »Specialists »Define roles 7-13

14. Analysis Phase (cont.) 3.Define information needs »Methods n Personal interview (the preferred method) n Observation n Record search (includes review of existing documentation) n Surveys A project directory can be maintained as an encompassing set of documentation to describe the system 7-14

15. Analysis Phase (cont.) 4.Define system performance criteria 5.Prepare design proposal (Compare to system study proposal) 6.Approve or disapprove the design project 7-15

16. Announce the system study Organize the project team Define information needs Define system performance criteria Prepare design proposal Approve or disapprove the design project 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The Analysis Phase MIS Steering Committee Manager Systems Analyst 7-16

17. Approve or disapprove the system implementation Prepare the detailed design system Identify alternate system configurations Evaluate system configurations Select the best configuration Prepare the implementation proposal 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. MIS Steering Committee Manager Systems Analyst The Design Phase 7-17

18. Design Phase 1.Prepare detailed design –Structured design (top down) »System level »Subsystem level –Documentation tools 2. Identify alternate system configurations –Refine to a manageable set 7-18

19. Design Phase (cont.) 3. Evaluate configurations 4. Select best configuration 5. Prepare implementation proposal 6. Approve or disapprove the system implementation 7-19

20. Implementation Phase n Acquire and integrate the physical and conceptual resources to produce a working system 7-20

21. Steps for the Implementation Phase 1. Plan implementation 2. Announce 3. Obtain hardware resources RFP/ Written Proposals 4. Obtain software resources "Make or buy" 5. Prepare database 6. Prepare physical facilities 7. Educate participants and users 8. Prepare cutover proposal 9. Approve or disapprove cutover to new systsem 10. Cutover to new system 7-21

22. Plan the implementation Announce the implementation Control Cutover the new system Obtain the hardware resources Obtain the software resources Prepare the database Educate the participants and users Prepare the physical facilities Control 1. 2. 3 4 5 6 7 8. The Implementation Phase MIS Steering Committee Manager Information Specialists 7-22

23. Cutover Approaches Old System Old System New System Immediate cutover Phased cutover Parallel cutover Pilot System Immediate Old System New System Phased New system Old System Parallel Time Pilot 7-23

24. Use Phase 1.Use 2.Audit (post implementation review) »By information specialist(s) »By internal auditor (a different one from the project team member) 3. Maintain the system »Correct errors »Keep current »Improve 4. Prepare reengineering proposal 5. Approve or disapprove reengineering 7-24

25. The Use Phase Control Use the system Audit the system Maintain the system Prepare re- engineering proposal Approve or disapprove the reengineering proposal MIS Steering CommitteeManagerInformation Specialists 1 2 3 4 5 7-25

26. PROTOTYPING A prototype is a version of a potential system that provides the developers and potential users with an idea of how the system will function when completed In prototyping, a prototype is produced as quickly as possible, perhaps overnight, to obtain user feedback that will enable the prototype to be improved Figure 7.5 shows the four steps involved in developing an evolutionary prototype Figure 7.6 shows the steps involved in developing a requirements prototype As prototyping has proven to be one of the most successful methodologies, it would be difficult to find a development project that didn’t use it to some degree 26

27. 27

28. 28

29. RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT Rapid Application Development (RAD), is a term coined by James Martin. It refers to a development life cycle intended to produce systems quickly without sacrificing quality Information engineering is the name that Martin gave to his overall approach to system development, which treats it as a firm-wide activity, while the term enterprise is used to describe the entire firm Figure 7.7 illustrates the top-down nature of information engineering, involving both data (the left face of the pyramid) and activities (the right face) 29

30. 30

31. RAD (cont.) RAD requires four essential ingredients: Management People Methodologies Tools Of all the components of information engineering, RAD has probably enjoyed the greatest support 31

32. PHASED DEVELOPMENT This is an approach for developing information systems that consists of six stages: 1.Preliminary investigation 2.Analysis 3.Design 4.Preliminary construction 5.Final construction 6.System test and installation The analysis, design, and preliminary construction stages are taken for each system module The six phased development stages are illustrated in Figure 7.8 Figure 7.9 illustrates how the module phases are integrated into the system development 32

33. 33

34. 34

35. PROJECT MANAGEMENT Today, it is possible for life cycle management to span several organizational levels and involve managers outside of IT Figure 7.16 shows the hierarchical nature of project management In this example, there are five development projects going at the same time, all managed by the MIS steering committee 35

36. 36

37. The MIS Steering Committee The MIS Steering Committee performs three main functions: –It establishes policies that ensure computer support for achieving the strategic objectives of the firm –It provides fiscal control by serving as the approval authority for all requests for computer-related funds –It resolves conflicts that arise concerning priorities for computer use 37

38. Project Leadership A project team includes all of the persons who participate in the development of an information system A team might have as many as a dozen members, consisting of some combination of users, information specialists, and may include an internal auditor A team or project leader, who provides direction throughout the life of the project, directs the team activity 38

39. The Project Management Mechanism The basis for project management is the project plan A popular format for a detailed plan is a Gantt chart, which identifies the tasks, who will perform them, and when they will be performed A Gantt chart is a horizontal bar chart that includes a bar for each task to be performed arranged in a time sequence Figure 7.17 is the first part of a Gantt chart, prepared using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet A complement to the Gantt chart is the network diagram. Figure 7.18 is a high-level network diagram that identifies the phases of a project 39

40. 40

41. 41

42. End of Session 8 42