1. CORNELL, S.; HARTMANN, D.: The Definition of Race Cornell, Stephen; Hartmann, Douglas (1998): Ethnicity and Race. Making Identities in a Changing World, Pine Forge Press/A Sage Publication Company, pp. 21-34

2. “Races (…) are not established by some set of natural forces but are products of human perception and classification. They are social constructs.” Cornell, Hartmann (1998, p. 23)

3. Race as biology Social construction of race Race: „the others“ Ethnicity: „we“

4. „racism and ethnocentrism are not confined to ‚White‘ groups.“ Richmond, Anthony (1994): Global Apartheid. Refugees, Racism and the New World Order, Toronto/Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, p. 43

5. „Sociobiological view“ Pierre van den Berghe Van den Berghe, Pierre: Does Race Matter?, in: Hutchinson, John; Smith, Anthony, ed. (1996): Ethnicity, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 57-63

6. Race is „defined as a group sharing physical (…) attributes.“ (p. 57) Racism is a „discriminatory behaviour based on inherited physical appearance.“ (p. 60) Biologically programmed nepotistic behaviour of humans. (p. 57)

7. „Norwegians and Swedes (…) could never be racists towards one another, even if they wanted to.“ Van den Berghe: Does Race Matter? p. 57 „To the English of the 18th and much of the 19th centuries, the Irish, although almost the same color as the English, were a distinctly inferior race.“ Cornell, Hartmann: Ethnicity and Race, p. 32