1. Mistreating Health Inequities: The New Biopolitics of Race, Health & Justice Dorothy Roberts

2. D.Roberts, UPenn

3. 111 “excess” deaths of black women in Chicago in 2005 Almost one-half of annual black breast cancer deaths D.Roberts, UPenn

4. Black and White Breast Cancer Mortality Rates, Chicago, 1980-2005 Age-Adjusted Female Breast Cancer Mortality for Chicago, Per 100,000 Population 38.1 37.4 41.4 19.2 D.Roberts, UPenn

5. I believe one of the great truths to emerge from this triumphant expedition inside the human genome is that, in genetic terms, all human beings, regardless of race, are more than 99.9% the same. June 26, 2000 D.Roberts, UPenn

6. The Scientific Invention of Race D.Roberts, UPenn

7. The Tuskegee Experiment, 1932- 1972 D.Roberts, UPenn

8. North Carolina Eugenics Board, 1933-1973 D.Roberts, UPenn

9. Nicholas Wade, NY Times, July 20, 2001 “ Scientists planning the next phase of the human genome project are being forced to confront a treacherous issue: the genetic differences between human races. D.Roberts, UPenn

10. “An explosive new account of the genetic basis of race and its role in the human story.” D.Roberts, UPenn

12. A New Biopolitics of Race New racial science defines race as genetic grouping. Biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries develop race-specific products. Racial inequality & state violence persist in supposedly “post racial” society. D.Roberts, UPenn

13. “Genome Study Points to Adaptation in Early African- Americans,” Nicholas Wade, Jan. 2, 2012 HARSH NEW WORLD Slaves in Georgia, circa 1850. A new environment apparently brought genetic change. D.Roberts, UPenn

14. “[C]ertain disease-causing variant genes became more common in African- Americans after their ancestors reached American shores—perhaps because they conferred greater, offsetting benefits.” D.Roberts, UPenn

15. Infant mortality rate for blacks increased from 1.6 times to 2.3 times rate for whites since 1950s. D.Roberts, UPenn

16. Test the hypothesis that “black race independent of other factors increases the risk of extreme preterm birth and its frequency of recurrence.” Zachary A.-F. Kistka, et al., “Racial Disparity in the Frequency of Recurrence of Preterm Births,” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 196 (2007): 131.e1. D.Roberts, UPenn

17. Findings “suggest a probable genetic component that may underlie the public health problem presented by the racial disparity in preterm birth.” D.Roberts, UPenn

18. Nicholas Bakalar, “Study Points to Genetics in Disparities in Preterm Births,” New York Times, February 27, 2007, F5. D.Roberts, UPenn

19. Overall birthweight distribution for infants of US-born white women and African-born women almost identical. Black women born in US experienced higher rates of very low birthweight. Richard David & James Collins Jr., Disparities in Infant Mortality: What’s Genetics Got to Do With It? A JPH 97 (2007): 1191-1197. D.Roberts, UPenn

20. “Our findings were not readily explained by any genetic mechanism but rather suggested that negative effects of minority status are cumulative through the life course from fetus to childbearing women.” D.Roberts, UPenn

21. Race-specific Medicine D.Roberts, UPenn

22. “Observed racial disparities in mortality and therapeutic response rates in black patients may be due in part to ethnic differences in the underlying pathophysiology of heart failure" Nitromed March 2001 press release

23. “We’re using self-identified race as a surrogate for genetic markers.” Dr. Steve Nissen, chair FDA advisory committee D.Roberts, UPenn

24. A pharmacogenomic drug? “Representing a step toward the promise of personalized medicine.” FDA News Release, 6/23/05 “On the leading edge of the emerging field of race- based pharmacogenomics.” NYT Mag, 10/10/04 D.Roberts, UPenn

25. BiDil as remedy for medical wrongs against African Americans “for whom treatment has been denied and deferred for 400 years.”

26. “ the strategic use of race as a genetic category to obtain patent protection and drug approval” Jonathan Kahn, Hamline University D.Roberts, UPenn

27. False Equation 0.1 % genetic difference = race unequal health outcomes D.Roberts, UPenn

28. Embodying Racism D.Roberts, UPenn

29. Colorblind Social Policy “The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race.” Chief Justice John Roberts, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007) D.Roberts, UPenn

30. Social race is the phenomenon constructionists have in mind…. Biological race, however, is what BiDil’s developers are concerned with – that is, race as ancestry. Sally Satel (2004) D.Roberts, UPenn

31. We talk a lot about diversity in the United States, as long as we wink and smile that this diversity is not real …. But in some aspects of our humanity, it is very real, and such differences can have huge consequences in everything from sports performance to success in the classroom. Jon Entine (2007) D.Roberts, UPenn

32. Twisted Logic Racial differences are real at the molecular level, but merely constructed in society D.Roberts, UPenn

33. “A DATE WITH DNA” NYTimes, Sept. 2008 D.Roberts, UPenn

34. Apple & Facebook pay for egg freezing Apple & Facebook offer to pay female employees D.Roberts, UPenn

35. Gang-Banging May Be Genetic By Associated Press, June 17, 2009

36. Wrong Direction Social hierarchies are facts of nature that require private technological fixes & punitive controls. D.Roberts, UPenn

37. A more just society would be a healthier one D.Roberts, UPenn