1. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Introduction to the IUCN Red Listing Process

2. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) risk of extinction The IUCN Red List assessment estimates risk of extinction What is the likelihood of a species becoming extinct in the near future, given current knowledge about population trends, range, and recent, current or projected threats?

3. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) The IUCN Red List Categories & Criteria All materials are freely available on IUCN Red List web site: www.iucnredlist.org

4. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Scope of Application All described taxa (species, subspecies, varieties), except micro-organisms Taxa not yet formally described, but only if they are: A clearly distinct species; Museum/herbarium voucher references are provided; Distribution information is available; There is clear conservation benefit to assessing the species. IUCN Categories and Criteria can be applied to: The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are: Used to assess taxa at the global level Can be used at regional levels (but see the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels) Used to assess wild populations inside their natural range (including populations resulting from benign introductions)

5. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) CR A2ace;B1ab(iii) Category: Critically Endangered Rabb’s Fringe-limbed Treefrog Ecnomiohyla rabborum Criteria & subcriteria

6. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) The IUCN Categories Not Evaluated (NE) Near Threatened (NT) Data Deficient (DD) Endangered (EN) Critically Endangered (CR) Vulnerable (VU) Extinct in the Wild (EW)Extinct (EX) Least Concern (LC)

7. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. Dodo, Raphus cucullatus Extinct (EX)Extinct in the Wild (EW) A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. Franklinia, Franklinia alatamaha Photo © Craig Hilton-Taylor

8. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) A species is presumed EX or EW only when exhaustive surveys have been carried out: throughout its historic range; in known and/or expected habitat; at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual); and over a time frame appropriate to the species' life cycle and have failed to record an individual Extinct (EX)Extinct in the Wild (EW)

9. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). PE species are those that are, on the balance of evidence, likely to be extinct, but for which there is a small chance that they may be extant and thus should not be listed as Extinct until adequate surveys have failed to find the species and local or unconfirmed reports have been discounted. CR (PE) Possibly Extinct tag: Evidence for extinction: For species with recent last records, the declines have been well documented. Severe threatening processes are known to have occurred (e.g. extensive habitat loss, spread of alien invasives, intensive hunting). The species possesses attributes known to predispose taxa to extinction e.g. natural rarity and/or tiny range, etc. Recent surveys have been apparently adequate given the species’ ease of detection, but have failed to detect the species.

10. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Evidence against extinction: Recent field work has been inadequate (any surveys have been insufficiently intensive/extensive, or inappropriately timed; or the species’ range is inaccessible, remote, unsafe or inadequately known). The species is difficult to detect (it is cryptic, inconspicuous, nocturnal, nomadic, silent or its vocalisations are unknown, identification is difficult, or the species occurs at low densities). There have been reasonably convincing recent local reports or unconfirmed sightings. Suitable habitat (free of introduced predators and pathogens if relevant) remains within the species’ known range, and/or allospecies or congeners may survive despite similar threatening processes. Possibly Extinct species

11. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Possibly Extinct Possibly Extinct species

12. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) A taxon is threatened when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for the thresholds stated in one of the three threatened categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Critically Endangered (CR) CR taxa are considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild Mandrinette, Hibiscus fragilis Photo © Wendy Strahm Endangered (EN) EN taxa are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild Black-browed Albatross, Thalassarche melanophrys Photo © Tony Palliser Vulnerable (VU) VU taxa are considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild Golden Pagoda, Mimetes chrysanthus Photo © Craig Hilton- Taylor

13. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Near Threatened (NT) A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for CR, EN or VU now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. Macaronesian Laurel, Laurus azorica Photo © H. Fraga Least Concern (LC) A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for CR, EN, VU or NT. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. Olive Baboon, Papio anumbis Photo © Caroline Pollock

14. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Data Deficient (DD) A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. Tree Tomato Solanum [Cyphomandra] betacea Not Evaluated (NE) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria

15. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Although DD and NE are not threatened categories, taxa classed as DD or NE should NOT be treated as not threatened Data Deficient (DD) Not Evaluated (NE)

16. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Data Deficient (DD) tags Taxa listed as DD may be given the following tags Unknown provenance. The taxon is known only from one or more specimens with no or extremely uncertain locality information, so that it is not possible to make any further inference about its status. Uncertain taxonomic status. The taxon’s validity at the species level has been questioned or is unconfirmed, e.g., it may represent a subspecies, hybrid, ecophenotype or aberrant individual. Insufficient information. There is inadequate information on the population size/structure, trend or range to apply the Red List Criteria.

17. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Types of data required for IUCN Red List assessments

18. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Dealing with a lack of high quality data The threatened categories use quantitative thresholds BUT a lack of high quality data should not deter assessors from applying the IUCN criteria.

19. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Acceptable types of data quality Observed Projected Estimated Inferred Suspected

20. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Observed Observed information is directly based on well-documented observations of all known individuals in the population. Estimated Estimated information is based on calculations that may involve assumptions and/or interpolations in time (in the past). Projected Projected information is the same as “estimated”, but the variable of interest is extrapolated in time towards the future

21. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Inferred Inferred information is based on variables that are indirectly related to the variable of interest, but in the same general type of units (e.g. number of individuals or area or number of subpopulations). Suspected Suspected information is based on circumstantial evidence, or on variables in different types of units. In general, this can be based on any factor related to population abundance or distribution.

22. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Uncertainty in the data itself (different to the lack of data) has to be considered in a Red List assessment Dealing with data uncertainty Handling uncertainty has a strong influence on evaluations. If uncertainty leads to a wide variation in the results, the range of possible outcomes should be recorded A single category must be chosen and the basis for the decision should be documented, and should be both precautionary and credible When data are very uncertain, the category of 'Data Deficient' may be assigned, based on the data being inadequate rather than the taxon being poorly known

23. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Concepts and definitions underlying the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria

24. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Key terms used in the IUCN Red List criteria Population and Population Size Subpopulations Mature Individuals Generation Length Reduction Continuing Decline

25. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extreme Fluctuations Severely Fragmented Extent of Occurrence Area of Occupancy Location Quantitative Analysis Key terms used in the IUCN Red List criteria

26. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) across its global range. Population is the total number of individuals of a given taxon across its global range. Population size is measured as the number of mature individuals only. Population and Population Size Subpopulations Subpopulations are geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little demographic exchange (e.g., 1 successful migrant individual or gamete per year). Mature Individuals Mature Individuals are individuals that are known, estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction.

27. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Subpopulations Population Population Size (mature individuals only)

28. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Population Size (mature individuals only) Subpopulations Population

29. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Generation Length Generation Length is the average age of parents of the current cohort (i.e., newborn individuals in the population). Greater than the age at first breeding and less than the oldest breeding individual, except in taxa that breed only once. Reflects turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population. Scales all time-based measurements in the criteria to account for different rates at which taxa survive and reproduce. Where generation length varies under threat, use the more natural (i.e. pre-disturbance) generation length.

30. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Reduction Reduction is a decline in population size of at least the % stated in criterion A over the specified time period. Time Population Size Continuing Decline Continuing Decline is a recent, current or projected future decline which is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken.

31. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extreme Fluctuations Extreme Fluctuations occur in a number of taxa where population size or distribution area varies widely, rapidly and frequently, typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude (i.e., a tenfold increase of decrease).

32. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Natural seasonal fluctuations – flux of individuals between different life stages. Not real changes in total population size, therefore not extreme fluctuation Extreme Fluctuations

33. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extreme Fluctuations Natural seasonal fluctuations, with threatening events also causing very large population size variations during reproductive seasons (e.g., dormant eggs/seeds damaged or lost). Real changes in total population size, therefore extreme fluctuation

34. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Severely Fragmented Severely Fragmented refers to the situation in which increased extinction risks to the taxon result from the fact that most of its individuals are found in relatively isolated subpopulations.

35. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) The existence of small and isolated habitat patches alone is not enough to consider a taxon to be severely fragmented – there should also be knowledge about the taxon’s dispersal ability. Severely Fragmented Taxa with highly mobile adult stages or producing large numbers of small, mobile diaspores can disperse more easily and are not so vulnerable to isolation through fragmented habitats. Taxa producing small numbers of diaspores (or none at all), or only large ones are less able to disperse over wide areas and are more easily isolated.

36. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extent of Occurrence is the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all known, inferred, or projected sites presently occupied by the taxon. Area of Occupancy is the area within the extent of occurrence which is actually occupied by the taxon (measured by overlaying a grid and counting number of occupied cells). Extent of Occurrence Area of Occupancy

37. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extent of Occurrence Comparison of taxa with same AOO but different EOO – a single threatening event is more likely to rapidly have a major impact on the taxon with the smaller EOO than the taxon with the larger EOO: AOO = 10x4 = 40 km 2 EOO = 44 km² AOO = 10x4 = 40 km 2 EOO = 105 km² Threatening event

38. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extent of Occurrence Comparison of taxa with same AOO but different EOO – a single threatening event is more likely to rapidly have a major impact on the taxon with the smaller EOO than the taxon with the larger EOO: AOO = 7x4 = 28 km 2 EOO = 28 km² AOO = 8x4 = 32 km 2 EOO = 82 km² One major threatening event caused: 20% decline in AOO, 22% decline in EOO, <20% decline in population size One major threatening event caused: 30% decline in AOO, 36% decline in EOO, >39% decline in population size

39. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Problems of Scale AOO = 10 x 1 = 10 units 2 AOO = 3 x 16 = 48 units 2 Grid Cells 16 units² Grid Cell = 1 unit² Area of Occupancy In many cases, a grid size of 2 km (i.e., cell area 4 km²) is an appropriate scale.

40. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Location Location is a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon.

41. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Location 2 locations Invasive species

42. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Location 4 locations Pollution

43. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Location 4-5 locations Pollution

44. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Quantitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis is any form of analysis which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon based on known life history, habitat requirements, threats and any specified management options (e.g., Population Viability Analysis (PVA)). = oh ohh!

45. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) The IUCN Red List Criteria

46. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) A Population reduction B Restricted geographic range C Small population size & decline Very small or restricted population D E Quantitative analysis CRITERIA Quantitative thresholds THREATENED CATEGORIES Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Nature of the Criteria

47. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Why use multiple criteria? All taxa being assessed must be evaluated against each criterion. Meeting any one of the criteria qualifies a taxon for listing at that level of threat All criteria met at the highest level of threat should be listed. Not all the criteria are appropriate to all taxa.

48. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)

49. Time Population Size Criterion A Past, present or future population reduction

50. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Based on any of four criteria: A1: Population reduction in past and causes of decline now ceased A2: Population reduction in past and causes of decline ongoing A3: Population reduction expected in future A4: Population reduction in past AND future Criterion A

51. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion A1 past reduction & causes understood & ceased & reduction is reversible Last 10 years or 3 generations (whichever is longer)  90% Critically Endangered  70% Endangered  50% Vulnerable Present Criterion A2 past reduction & causes may not be understood or may not have ceased or reduction may not be reversible  80% Critically Endangered  50% Endangered  30% Vulnerable Last 10 years or 3 generations (whichever is longer) Present

52. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)  50% Endangered Next 10 years or 3 generations (whichever is longer up to a maximum of 100 years)  80% Critically Endangered  30% Vulnerable Present Sub-criterion A3 future decline Sub-criterion A4 past & future  80% Critically Endangered  50% Endangered  30% Vulnerable Present 10 years or 3 generations (whichever is longer, up to a maximim of 100 years in the future) including some time in the past AND in the future

53. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 10 years / 3 generations 6.6 years / 2 generations 3.3 years / 1 generation 6.6 years / 2 generations 3.3 years / 1 generation 10 years / 3 generations Sub-criterion A4 past & future: “shifting time window” Present 5 years / 1.5 generations 10 years / 3 generations

54. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) For ALL the criteria (A1–A4), rate of population reduction should be based on any of: (a) Direct observation (not for sub-criterion A3 – future reduction) (b) An index of abundance appropriate to the taxon. (c) A decline in: area of occupancy; extent of occurrence; and/or quality of habitat. (d) Actual or potential levels of exploitation. (e) The effects of: introduced taxa hybridization pathogens pollutants competitors parasites

55. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) A. A. Population reductionDeclines measured over the longer of 10 years or 3 generationsA1  90%  70%  50% A2, A3 & A4  80%  50%  30% A1. A1. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND have ceased, based on and specifying any of the following: (a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or habitat quality (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) Effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites A2. A2. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to (e) under A1. A3. A3. Population reduction projected or suspected to be met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (b) to (e) under A1. A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population reduction (up to a maximum of 100 years) where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the causes of reduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to (e) under A1. Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable

56. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Points to remember: Reduction in population size may be a one-off event, or may be continuing. Sub-criterion A1 has higher thresholds than the other sub-criteria. the reduction isFor sub-criterion A1, causes of population decline must be understood AND must have ceased AND the reduction is reversible. Sub-criterion A3 based on declines projected into the FUTURE, therefore it cannot be based on direct observation. Sub-criterion A4 (the “shifting time window”) must include some time in the past AND some time in the future. All time measurements are based on ten years OR 3 generations whichever is the longer time period (100 year time cap in future). Criterion A

57. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion B Restricted geographic range and fragmentation, continuing decline or extreme fluctuations

58. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion B B1, B2 a, b, c

59. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Based on either of two sub-criteria: B1: Estimated extent of occurrence AND / OR B2: Estimated area of occupancy Criterion B AND at least TWO of a-c: a. Severely fragmented or few locations b. Continuing decline c. Extreme fluctuations

60. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion B Subcriterion B1 Extent of occurrence estimated to be: EN VU < 100 km² < 20,000 km² < 5,000 km² Subcriterion B2 Area of occupancy estimated to be: CR < 10 km² < 500 km² < 2,000 km²

61. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion B a. Severely fragmented or # locations: EN VU  10 5 5 5 51 CR AND at least TWO of a, b or c: b. Continuing decline in any of the following : (i) (i)EOO (ii) (ii)AOO (iii) (iii)Area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) (iv) # locations or subpopulations (v) (v)# mature individuals c. Extreme fluctuation in any of the following : (i) (i)EOO (ii) (ii)AOO (iii) (iii) # locations or subpopulations (iv) (iv) # mature individuals

62. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable B. B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) AND/OR B2 (area of occupancy) B1. Extent of occurrence < 100 km² < 5,000 km² < 20,000 km² B2. Area of occupancy < 10 km² < 500 km² < 2,000 km² AND at least 2 of the following (a) Severely fragmented, OR Number of locations Number of locations = 1 ≤ 5≤ 5≤ 5≤ 5 ≤ 10 (b) Continuing decline in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or subpopulations; (v) number of mature individuals (c) Extreme fluctuations in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) number of locations or subpopulations; (iv) number of mature individuals

63. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Points to remember: Subcriterion B1 is based on extent of occurrence, while subcriterion B2 is based on area of occupancy. Either subcriteria B1 or B2, or both may apply. To fully qualify for a listing under criterion B, the taxon must meet at least two of the subcriteria a, b or c. Subcriterion B1a / B2a may be based on either severe fragmentation OR number of locations – please remember the definitions of these terms when applying them. Criterion B

64. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Small population size and continuing decline Extinct Criterion C

65. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Based on small population size AND either C1 or C2: Criterion C C1: Continuing decline in population size at a specified rate OR C2: Continuing decline in population size at any, unspecified rate AND either C2a or C2b: C2a:(i) very small subpopulations, OR (ii) most mature individuals are in one subpopulation C2b:extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals

66. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) C1 C2a C2 And/Or Rate of decline Population size C2b (i) (ii) # mature individuals per subpopulation Population size Extreme fluctuations % mature individuals in largest & continuing decline (any rate) Criterion C

67. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion C Thresholds for criterion C Population size is estimated at: EN VU < 250 mature individuals CR < 2,500 mature individuals < 10,000 mature individuals

68. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion C Subcriterion C1 Estimated continuing decline of: EN VU  25% within 3 years or 1 generation CR  20% within 5 years or 2 generations  10% within 10 years or 3 generations

69. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion C Subcriterion C2 Observed, projected or inferred continuing decline at any rate EN VU < 50 mature individuals CR < 250 mature individuals < 1,000 mature individuals AND at least one of the following: C2a(i). All subpopulations have:  90% of the mature individuals  95% of the mature individuals 100% of the mature individuals C2a(ii). One subpopulation contains: C2b. There are extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals.

70. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable C. C. Small population size and decline Number of mature individuals < 250 < 2,500 < 10,000 AND either C1 or C2: C1. An estimated continuing decline of at least: 25% in 3 years or 1 generation 20% in 5 years or 2 generations 10% in 10 years or 3 generations (b) extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (up to a maximum of 100 years in future) C2. A continuing decline AND (a) and/or (b): (a i) number of mature individuals in each subpopulation: < 50 < 250 < 1,000 (a ii) or % individuals in one subpopulation = 90-100%95-100% 100%

71. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Points to remember: The population size threshold must be met before considering the thresholds for subcriteria C1 or C2. Subcriterion C1 is based on continuing decline at a specified rate and over a very specific time period. Subcriterion C2 is based on continuing decline at any, unspecified rate, but the taxon must also meet the requirements for subcriteria C2a or C2b. Criterion C

72. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Very small or restricted population Criterion D

73. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion D Criterion D is split into D for the CR and EN categories; and D1 and D2 for the VU category. EN VU < 50 mature individuals CR < 250 mature individuals < 1,000 mature individuals D. Total current population size estimated as: D1. Total current population size estimated as: D2. The population has a very restricted AOO (typically <20 km²) or is known from very few locations (typically ≤5). NOTE: for the VU D2, there should be a plausible threat that is likely to rapidly affect the population.

74. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable D. Very small or restricted population Either: Number of mature individuals < 50 < 250 D1. < 1,000 AND / OR AND / OR D2. typically: AOO < 20 km² or number of locations 5 AOO < 20 km² or number of locations ≤ 5 VU D2. Restricted area of occupancy or number of locations with a plausible future threat that could drive the taxon to CR or EX in a very short time.

75. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Points to remember: Criterion D has population size thresholds that apply to categories CR and EN only. Subcriteria D1 and D2 apply to the VU category only. Subcriterion D2 should be used when a population has a very restricted range such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period. When using subcriterion D2, the most serious plausible threat to the species should be stated in the assessment. In subcriterion D2, the values for AOO and number of locations are given as examples only. Criterion D

76. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Quantitative analysis = oh ohh! Criterion E

77. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Based on quantitative analysis showing a probability of extinction in the wild is at least: Within 10 years or 3 generations Within 20 years or 5 generations Within 100 years 50% Critically Endangered 10% Vulnerable 20% Endangered Up to a maximum of 100 years in the future Criterion E

78. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable E. Quantitative analysis Indicating the probability of extinction in the wild to be:  50% in 10 years or 3 generations (100 years max)  20% in 20 years or 5 generations (100 years max)  10% in 100

79. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) All species in the Red List have supporting documentation. Justifies the selected category and criteria. Allows analysis of Red List data (information coded using standard Classification Schemes). RED LIST DOCUMENTATION Taxonomy including authority details. Common names Red List Category and Criteria Countries of occurrence Map of distribution Rationale for the assessment (supporting the criteria used) Names of assessors Habitat preferences (text & codes) Major Threats (text and codes) Conservation Measures in place & needed (text and codes) Trade and Use Citations list Reasons for any category changes

80. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) What makes a good assessment?

81. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Apply and record the criteria properly: follow the rules laid out in the Categories and Criteria booklet (remember definitions of terms may not always be as expected e.g., population versus subpopulation versus regional assessment). Keep assessment rationale simple: refer statements to the category and criteria used and give summary documentation to support these. All detailed documentation can fit elsewhere in the assessment. Try to keep a logical flow: try to avoid a lot of repetition. The assessment should tell a story

82. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Be consistent: consistency in recording information (e.g., data, reference citations, criteria used and threats coded) Avoid temptation to tick every box: e.g., not all conservation actions are realistic in all situations. Transparency: ANYONE should be able to look at the assessment and understand the reasoning behind the listing without having to contact the assessors (specify any assumptions, inferences or suspected data that are used to make the assessment).

83. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Case Study 1 Taylor’s Salamander Ambystoma taylori (Brandon, Maruska & Rumph, 1981)

84. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Taylor’s Salamander, Ambystoma taylori Taxonomy Based on both allozymes and mtDNA, this is a very distinctive salamander. The Ambystoma salamanders occurring in other natural lakes around Alchichica are not closely related to this species. Range Taylor’s salamander is endemic to Lake Alchichica, a saline crater lake located in eastern Puebla, Mexico, at 2,290 m above sea level. The Ambystoma salamanders occurring in the other natural lakes around Alchichica are not closely related to this species. The surface area of the lake is 2.3 km².

85. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Population Even at its only known locality this is a rare species, although formerly it was common there. Divers deep in the lake have seen the species recently. Habitat & Ecology This salamander usually does not metamorphose, and most individuals live permanently in water. But, occasional individuals have been known to metamorphose. It breeds in the lake, and is usually found in very deep water, often more than 30 m below the surface. Taylor’s Salamander, Ambystoma taylori

86. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Taylor’s Salamander, Ambystoma taylori Threats The most serious threat to the species is water extraction and diversion resulting in the lake becoming even more saline. The water level has dropped many meters over the last two decades. Continued transformation and pollution of the lake is likely to result in the disappearance of this species. Attempts to introduce fish in the lake have failed because of its salinity. Conservation Measures Taylor’s salamander does not occur in any protected area. Captive breeding may be an essential short-term measure to save this species, if it is not too late. The protection of the Alchichica lake is an urgent priority. This species is protected under the category Pr (Special protection) by the Government of Mexico.

87. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Is the taxon eligible for Red List assessment? Description of the species has been published (Brandon, Maruska & Rumph, 1981). YES Taylor’s Salamander, Ambystoma taylori

88. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) The species was formerly common and is now rare. BUT, no indication of the time period over which a presumed decline has taken place or data to be able to estimate the scale of population decline. NO Taylor’s Salamander, Ambystoma taylori Can criterion A be applied? (Population reduction at a specific rate over 10 years or 3 generations (whichever is longer) in the past, present, and/or future)

89. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) YES – CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) The total lake area = 2.3 km² therefore the Critically Endangered thresholds for extent of occurrence (<100 km²) and area of occupancy (<10 km²) are both met. CR B1+2 Main threats are water extraction and pollution, which affect the whole lake and the whole population: only one location. CR B1a+2a Habitat quality declining (water extraction causing increased salinity), declining population (now rare, ongoing habitat degradation). CR B1b(iii,v)+2b(iii,v) Can criterion B be applied? (Restricted geographic range AND severe fragmentation, continuing decline and/or extreme fluctuations) Taylor’s Salamander, Ambystoma taylori

90. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Although the population is described as rare, it is difficult to estimate actual numbers of mature individuals from this. NO Taylor’s Salamander, Ambystoma taylori Can criterion C be applied? (Small population size and continuing decline)

91. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Population size cannot be estimated from the information given. Species is restricted to only one, small location (AOO <10 km², 1 location). Continued transformation and pollution of the lake is likely to result in the disappearance of this species. VU D2 YES - VU D2 Can criterion D be applied? (Very small or restricted population) Taylor’s Salamander, Ambystoma taylori

92. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) No quantitative analysis has been carried out. NO Can criterion E be applied? (Quantitative analysis estimating probability of extinction in the wild) Taylor’s Salamander, Ambystoma taylori

93. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion A: Criterion B: Criterion C: Criterion D: Criterion E: Final assessment: Taylor’s Salamander (Ambystoma taylori) is Critically Endangered: CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) NO CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) NO VU D2 NO Taylor’s Salamander, Ambystoma taylori

94. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Case Study 2 Rhacophorus yinggelingensis (Chou, Lau and Chan, 2007)

95. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Range Currently known only from the Yinggeling Mountain range on Hainan Island, Hainan Province, southern China, at 1,300-1,550m asl (Chou et al., 2007). There are records from Mahuolong and Yinggezui (Chou et al., 2007). Its not been found in surveys of other mountains in Hainan despite surveys there, but it will probably be found in more sites in the Yinggeling Mountain Range (M.W.N. Lau pers. comm.). There are not many areas in Hainan above 1,300m asl (B. Chan pers. comm.). Population It appears to be a rare species, as during a three-month survey, only three specimens were found (B. Chan pers. comm.). The area of suitable habitat is very small (M.W.N. Lau pers. comm.). Rhacophorus yinggelingensis

96. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Habitat & Ecology Known only from primary montane rainforest (Chou et al., 2007). It has been found on the leaves of shrubs 30cm over a dried pool in a stream, and in sedges in a dried rain pool on a mountain ridge (Chou et al., 2007). It appears to be a montane species that breeds in still water, and there are not many suitable breeding habitats within its elevational range (M.W.N. Lau pers. comm.). It is not known if it can survive in opened up habitat. Rhacophorus yinggelingensis Threats The montane habitat of the species is above the elevation at which human disturbance of the forest is taking place (Chou et al., 2007). The forest was given formal protection in 2004. The species could be at risk if climate change leads to a decrease in rainfall, as the species is believed to be dependent on rainpools for breeding, which are few and far between in the steep terrain where it lives. Conservation Measures Occurs in the Yinggeling Nature Reserve (established in 2004). Surveys are needed to clarify the distribution, ecological requirements and conservation needs of this species.

97. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion A Criterion B Criterion C Appears to be a rare species Not many suitable breeding habitats within its elevational range No specific information indicates a population decline No generation length given EOO and AOO not specified, but “area of suitable habitat is very small” Main threat = climate change leading to decreased rainfall: 1 location No continuing declines or extreme fluctuations Appears to be a rare species No specific population size estimates given No indication of a continuing decline Maybe NT B1a+2a Rhacophorus yinggelingensis B1+B2? B1a+B2a?

98. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) VU D2 Criterion A Criterion B Maybe NT B1a+2a Criterion C Criterion D Criterion E No specific population size estimates given 1 location; decrease in rainfall is a plausible future threat No quantitative analysis VU D2 Rhacophorus yinggelingensis

99. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Case Study 3 Sarus Crane, Grus antigone Viet Nam National Assessment (2003)

100. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Range A migrant species that spends the winter months in Viet Nam. Found in 3 disjunct global populations: the Indian subcontinent, Australia & South- east Asia (Cambodia, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Myanmar; extinct in Thailand & probably China). Occurs in 2 locations in Viet Nam: Tram Chin, where it remains for 3 months/year, and Logo Samat, a stopover point for individuals heading to Cambodia, where it occurs irregularly and stays for 1 week. EOO = 700-900 km². AOO = 400 km². Grus antigone Sarus Crane Viet Nam National Assessment (2003) Population >90% population decline in Tram Chin since 1990 (1990: 128 individuals; 2003: 2 individuals). General population decline in Logo Samat (1992: 7 individuals; 1998: 48 individuals, 2003: 0 individuals). Global population is also in decline.

101. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Habitat & Ecology Southeast Asian populations frequent open and man-made wetlands during the non-breeding season. Sarus Crane, Grus antigone Threats Main threats are habitat loss and degradation in Tram Chin due to the construction of an irrigation channel, pollution, and fire; habitat loss and degradation in Logo Samat due to encroachment from farmland, human disturbance, and hunting. Populations in neighbouring Thailand and Cambodia are uncertain, but probably stable. Conservation Measures CITES Appendix II. Found in Tram Chin National Park.

102. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion A Criterion B Criterion C Most individuals found in Tram Chin; irregular in Logo Samat Past population reduction of >90% in Tram Chin; general decline in Logo Samat (based on direct observations). No mention of projected future declines. Habitat loss & degradation in both sites; also hunted in Logo Samat. EOO = 700-900 km² and AOO = 400 km² 2 locations Continuing decline: quality and extent of habitat, # mature individuals 2003: 2 individuals recorded (no precise estimates, but < 250) Past continuing decline; no mention of future declines Most individuals in Tram Chin CR A2acd EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR C2a(ii) CR A2a CR A2acd EN B1+B2 EN B1a+B2a EN B1ab(iii,v)+B2ab(iii,v) CR C CR C2a(ii) Sarus Crane, Grus antigone

103. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) CR A2acd; C2a(ii) Criterion A CR A2acd Criterion B EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) Criterion C CR C2a(ii) Criterion D Criterion E < 250 individuals 2 locations; several existing threats No quantitative analysis EN D and VU D2 EN D VU D2 Sarus Crane, Grus antigone

104. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Case Study 4 Bordon’s Brachypterous Butterfly Redonda bordoni

105. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Taxonomy Butterflies of the genus Redonda are endemic to the Andes of Venezuela. This species was not described until 2003. Range Endemic to Venezuela and known only from 2 páramos in the Venezuelan Andes, from 3000-3800m. These 2 páramos and the areas between them make up El Batallón and La Negra National Park, which has an area of 952 km². The total area inhabited by the species (based on the combined area of the 2 páramos at the altitudinal range in which the species occurs) is around 180km². Bordon’s Brachypterous Butterfly, Redonda bordoni

106. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Population No information. Anecdotal observations indicate that the species is relatively abundant in the region, especially males; the number of females is difficult to estimate as they remain hidden in low-lying vegetation. Habitat & Ecology Has been found in open páramo and humid páramo in intermontane valleys. Males are active and easily found, but the wings of females are considerably reduced and deformed, so they are highly sedentary and make no attempts to fly. Females also have cryptic wings, and are only visible when showing the silvery uppersides. Females scatter their eggs while crawling. Bordon’s Brachypterous Butterfly, Redonda bordoni

107. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Threats Believed to be very fragile and particularly susceptible to environmental threats. Current threats include habitat loss and degradation due to the loss of host plants, trampling by grazing livestock, agriculture, and fire hazards during the dry season. All of these threaten the larvae, and the females are also particularly vulnerable as they are not very mobile. Conservation Measures Present within a national park, though whether the habitat within the park is adequately protected is questionable. Bordon’s Brachypterous Butterfly, Redonda bordoni

108. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion A Criterion B Criterion C No known population estimates or trends. Effects of threats on habitat not quantified, and R. bordoni’s precise response to those threats unknown = cannot indirectly measure population decline (inference, suspicion, projection). Total potential range = 952 km² Known inhabited area = 180 km² 2 locations Continuing decline inferred in quality of habitat. No extreme fluctuations. EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) No known population estimates or trends. EN B1 EN B1a+2a EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) EN B2 Bordon’s Brachypterous Butterfly, Redonda bordoni

109. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Criterion A Criterion B EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) Criterion C Criterion D Criterion E 2 locations Plausible threats: habitat loss & degradation, trampling, agriculture, fire. No quantitative analysis VU D2 Bordon’s Brachypterous Butterfly, Redonda bordoni