1. Conservation of functional diversity in temperate and tropical agricultural landscapes: patterns and mechanisms at farm and landscape scales. Fabrice DeClerck, CATIE Costa Rica Margie Mayfield, University of Queensland - Australia Stacy Philpott, University of Toledo - USA

2. The questions Does land use intensification reduce functional diversity? Does it matter? What about response diversity and/or ecological redundancy? … if yes, erosion of ecosystem function, and resilience to environmental change.

3. Live Fence Forest Landuse Intensity [ ] Pasture Low tree density 2°Forest Pasture High Tree Density Sanchez et al

4. Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33 DeClerck NCEAS DGS Does land use intensification reduce functional diversity?

5. How is functional diversity lost with intensification? Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33 DeClerck NCEAS DGS 71 Species Total

6. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x What is functional redundancy within taxonomic groups with land use change? Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33 DeClerck NCEAS DGS Forest Fragment: 25 extinct

7. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Live Fence: 41 extinct Forest Fragment: 25 extinct

8. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Live Fence: 41 extinct Forest Fragment: 25 extinct

9. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Live Fence: 41 extinct Forest Fragment: 25 extinct Pasture: 64 extinct

10. Functional Diversity Decreases with landuse Intensity Flynn et al. Ecology Letters (2009) 12:22-33 DeClerck NCEAS DGS

12. Ecological redundancy 1 2 3 4 5 6 Redundancy = number of species within a functional group High redundancy = high resilience to environmental change Why? compensatory responses Functional groups 1 to 6 Group 6: higher redundancy & resilience Group 6: lower redundancy & resilience

13. Costa Rica 728(3) Nicaragua 240(2) Quebec 243 (1) New Zealand 54(1) Australian RF 1028 (4) China 453 (2) USA, NC 38(1) Australian WL 52(1) Portugual 110 (1) Laos 53(1) Study Sites, Species Richness (landscapes) ± 3000 species; 17 landscapes; 17 functional traits

15. a) Species in effect trait space

16. b) Functional effect groups 1 2 3 4 5 6

17. a) Species in effect trait space b) Functional effect groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 Natural Semi-natural Low-intensity agricultural High-intensity agricultural c) Species in each land use

18. a) Species in effect trait space b) Functional effect groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 Natural Semi-natural Low-intensity agricultural High-intensity agricultural c) Species in each land use e) Spearman ρ between land use intensity and response diversity Response diversity Land use intensity ρ = -0.9 d) Functional dispersion (response diversity) for each effect group in each land use Effect size for meta-analysis

19. r = -0.22 p = 0.0003 Redundancy decreases with land use intensification

20. Conclusions Land use intensification leads to lower functional diversity, function and redundancy Can agroforestry sytstems be better managed to maintain this functional diversity and redundnacy? Can we eco-engineer agroforestry system with multifunctionality, and multifunctional redundancy?

21. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function In Managed Landscapes THANKS!