1. Sub femtosecond K-shell excitation using Carrier Envelop Phase Stabilized 2-Cycles IR (2.1  m) Radiation Source. Gilad Marcus The Department of Applied Physics, Hebrew University,Jerusalem, Israel FRISNO 12, Ein Gedi 2013

2. Acknowledgment Xun Gu 1 Wolfram Helml 1 Yunpei Deng 1 Reinhard Kienberger 1 Ferenc Krausz 1 Robert Hartmann 2 Takayoshi Kobayashi 3 Lothar Strueder 4 1.Max Planck, Quantum Optic, Germany 2.pnSensor GmbH, Germany 3.University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan 4.Max Planck, Extraterrestrial Physics, Germany

3. Outlines   Introduction (defining the goal)   The IR OPCPA system   keV high harmonics

4. High Harmonics  the 3 steps model plateau cut-off  x uv TLTL

5. Re-collision Processes Double ionization / excitation Elastic scattering Discrete electron spectrum High Harmonics High harmonics spectra

6. Currently, the photon energy of atto-second pulses is limited to ~150 eV ( ~8 nm).   Pushing the HHG toward the x-ray regime Shorter attosecond pulses Access to the water-window (300-500 eV) Time resolved spectroscopy of inner-shell processes X-ray diffraction imaging with a better resolution   Re-colliding electrons with higher energies Laser induced diffraction imaging with better time and space resolution (elastic scattering) Efficient Inner-shell excitation (inelastic scattering) Motivation for keV HHG

7. Pushing atto-tools toward higher energies by using a longer wavelength I (PW/cm 2 ) 0.150.51.0 λ (nm) 800210080021008002100 U p (eV) 9.061.83020660412 ħω max (eV) 442111106682051321 Ion yield of Xe vs. Laser intensity

8. Few-cycles Pulse Recombination emission: soft-X-ray photon emission upon the electron recombining into its ground state Ionization threshold Cosine waveform Emission of highest-energy photon

9. Few-cycles Pulse Ionization threshold Sine waveform Emission of highest-energy photons Recombination emission: soft-X-ray photon emission upon the electron recombining into its ground state

10. The 2-cycles IR source 15 fsec 740 µJ 1 kHz Self CEP Stabilization n m

11. OPA system output: Carrier wave-length:  2.1  m Pulse duration: 15.7 fs (2 cycles) Pulse energy: 0.7 mJ Rep rate: 1000 Hz Automatically Carrier-envelope-phase- stabilized wavelength, nm f-to-3f interferogram 2 cycles IR (2.1  m) source Long term (few hours) phase scan B.Bergues, et. al, New Journal of Physics 13, no. 6 ( 2011): 063010. I. Znakovskaya, et al. PRL 108, no. 6 (2012): 063002.

12. THG FROG compressor (bulk silicon) Diagnostics for pulse compression measurement THG FROG focusing lens (CaF2, 250 mm) High harmonic beam from N 2 through 150nm Pd +500nm C Ne/N 2 gas target, pressure up to 3 bar! PN Camera keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation

13. THG FROG compressor (bulk silicon) Diagnostics for pulse compression measurement THG FROG focusing lens (CaF2, 250 mm) keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation High harmonic beam from N 2 through 150nm Pd +500nm C Ne/N 2 gas target, pressure up to 3 bar! PN Camera

14. keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation THG FROG compressor (bulk silicon) Diagnostics for pulse compression measurement THG FROG focusing lens (CaF2, 250 mm) High harmonic beam from N 2 through 150nm Pd +500nm C High harmonic beam from Ne through 150nm Pd Ne/N 2 gas target, pressure up to 3 bar! PN Camera Energy resolving CCD

15. keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation High harmonics spectrum from a neon gas target through 500nm aluminum Same spectrum through additional 500nm of vanadium (a) or iron (b) Vanadium L-edge Iron L-edge

16. keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation

17. Enhanced peak at the K-edge Better phase matching conditions due to the absorption lines Inner shell excitation followed by x-ray fluorescence

18. keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation Enhanced peak at the K-edge Calculation shows: Plasma dispersion still dominate Inner shell excitation followed by x-ray fluorescence

19. keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation Enhanced peak at the K-edge Inner shell excitation followed by x-ray fluorescence

20. keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation Enhanced peak at the K-edge Inner shell excitation followed by x-ray fluorescence 2D

21. keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation Enhanced peak at the K-edge Inner shell excitation followed by x-ray fluorescence 2D

22. keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation Enhanced peak at the K-edge Inner shell excitation followed by x-ray fluorescence 2D

23. keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation Enhanced peak at the K-edge Inner shell excitation followed by x-ray fluorescence 2D

24. keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation Enhanced peak at the K-edge Inner shell excitation followed by x-ray fluorescence 2D

25. keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation Inner shell excitation followed by x-ray fluorescence Pump laser pulse Duration  12 fs Intensity  7x10 14 W/cm 2  m

26. keV high harmonics and K-shell excitation Inner shell excitation followed by x-ray fluorescence Pump laser pulse Duration  12 fs Intensity  7x10 14 W/cm 2  m X-ray filter on pellicle TOF Ne Delaing mirror Inner mirror – XUV Outer mirror - IR Ag-mirror

27. Thank you