1. & Cell biology perspective opportunity, throughout- Microtubules and motors Calcium mediated Membrane fusions Cell-Cell interaction – First example Gametogenesis and Fertilization Unit

2. Gametogenesis (Germ cell specification and maturation) Germ line specification (g.l. stem cells first) Germ line migration to the gonads Meiosis Gamete maturation

3. Figure 2.1 Developmental History of the Leopard Frog, Rana pipiens

4. Set aside as quiescent cells. “Pole cells”, with “pole plasm” Transcription & Diff. to Ecto,Meso, Endo blocked For All Bilaterians (here, ecto-meso-endo specifics for tetrapods)

5. Set aside as quiescent cells. These express Vasa in all bilaterians. & Nanos, Piwi... For All Bilaterians:

8. In addition ‘placement’ in the proper positions - - These molecules are transported on microtubules (made of Tubulin) as cargo on molecular motors: see Movies: Kinesin_Transport_Protein.MOV Dynenin: to -Kinesin: to +

9. For All Bilaterians: Vasa and Nanos- RNA binding proteins In flies and many others:

10. Figure 2.21 Major Evolutionary Divergences in Extant Animals

11. Gametogenesis (Germ cell specification and maturation) Germ line specification (g.l. stem cells first) Germ line migration to the gonads Meiosis Gamete maturation

12. Mammalian

13. Zebrafish

14. Fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster

15. Gametogenesis (Germ cell specification and maturation) Germ line specification (g.l. stem cells first) Germ line migration to the gonads Meiosis Gamete maturation

16. Gametogenesis oogenesis spermatogenesis After fertilization, the zygote will essentially be an activated egg

17. Frog oocyte

18. Table 19.2 Cellular components stored in the mature oocyte of Xenopus Laevis Approximate excess over amount in larval cells Component 100,000Mitochondria 60,000- 100,000RNA polymerases 100,000DNA polymerases 200,000Ribosomes 10,000tRNA 15,000Histones 2,500 Note Yolk –vitellegenin –from liver Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates Laskey 1979

20. Table 19.2 Cellular components stored in the mature oocyte of Xenopus Laevis Approximate excess over amount in larval cells Component 100,000Mitochondria 60,000- 100,000RNA polymerases 100,000DNA polymerases 200,000Ribosomes 10,000tRNA 15,000Histones 2,500 Yolk –vitellegenin FROM LIVER Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates Laskey 1979 2. Micro-pinocytosis – vesicle delivery from other cells 1. Oocytes’ massive bio-synthesis of macromolecules

22. Fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster

23. Gametogenesis/Fertilization Unit OPPORTUNITY TO FOCUS ON MICROTUBULES

26. Microtubles in mitosis/meiosis

27. Movie1 Life of cell 2 http://biolog-e.ls.biu.ac.il/faculty/wides/80-557/movies/MCB1803ActinMyosin.MOV Kinesins towards + Dyenins towards - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TGDPotbJV4 Kinesin walk

28. Attachment later by vegetal Cortex microfilaments Transport via Microtubules- Assymetric placement of cytoplasmic components (RNA) Microtubles in oogenesis, creating assymetry in cytoplasm

30. Figure 2.1 Developmental History of the Leopard Frog, Rana pipiens

31. Gametogenesis spermatogenesis oogenesis

33. First: Microtubles and the flagellum

35. 9+2 micorotuble arrangement - in motile cilia - including most metazoans’ sperm flagella 9 dimer microtubules + 2 monomer microtubules -primary cilia in eukaryotic cells: 9: stationary -secondary cilia, including flagella: 9+2: movement Can see: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n40VTfWvh1Y

36. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQ3CdSiVzUk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQ3CdSiVzUk cilia

37. Flagellum structure: Sperm and most eukaryotic flagella http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rqbmLiSkpk

38. Centriole-> flagellum Acrosome Mitochondria to axoneme Cytoplasm

40. Figure 6 By-the-way: Flagella in Eubacteria, (and in Archea), are Analogous, NOT homologous

41. Fertilization

42. Figure 2.21 Major Evolutionary Divergences in Extant Animals

43. Attraction of sea urchin sperm to egg in Sea water: Swimming along the gradient of the RESACT peptide

59. Gametogenesis and Fertilization Unit Opportunity: Microtubules and motors 1. Calcium mediated Membrane fusions (3) Cell-Cell interaction – First example 2. Extracellular matrix (ECM) introduction

65. Vade Mecum Sea Urchin Fertilization

76. _Zona Pellucida Ovum Cumulus