1. NorthStar / Reading and Writing Basic/ Low Intermediate Unit 3 Swimming Across Borders

2. Sharing Information Athletes ( people who play sports) are heroes to us. We admire them, even love them. Why ? There are many answers to this question. Consider these major league (the highest level of a profession) baseball players. Roberto Clemente was among the greatest baseball players of the 1960s. One of the first Latin American players to play in the major leagues, he helped younger Latin American players. He died in a plane crash while taking food to people in Nicaragua. Jim Abott was born with only of his right arm. But that didn’t stop him from becoming a player. He was on the U.S. Olympic team in 1988 and was also very successful in the major leagues.

3. Sharing Information Babe Ruth was one of the greatest baseball players of all time. He had great talent and strength. When he wasn’t playing baseball, he was usually out having a good time. But people loved him for that, too. Ty Cobb was also one of the greatest players. He wasn’t the most naturally talented player- or the nicest man. But he worked very hard at baseball, and he treated each game like a he had to win.. 1. Why do you admire these athletes?

4. Vocabulary for Comprehension 1. Some people can tolerate hot weather. Have no problem 2. Hard work or talent alone is not enough. naturally good at something 3. The runner’s time broke the record. was the best 4. Once in a while an outstanding athletes comes along and captures the world’s attention. better than excellent 5. The border between the United States and Canada is the longest border in the world. line separating two countries 6. We admire some athletes for their achievements. things that you do successfully 7. She liked the challenge of playing against him. interesting because it is difficult

5. Vocabulary for Comprehension/page 39-40 1. a 2. a 3. c. 4. c 5. b 6. b 7. a Reading for main ideas page 43. 1. +b 2. +c 3. +a

6. Reading for details /page 43 Question 1 2- 1-4-5-3 Question 2 Complete the sentences 1. 5 2. 2.7 3. 38 4. 10 5. 12 6. 3 7. 30

7. Focus on Vocabulary/page 48 1. + b 2. +e 3. +a 4. +c 5. + d 6. +f Puzzle /page 49 Across 3. organs- 4. tolerate- 5. bo rders -6. nationals Down 1. waves 2. encouraged 3. outstanding 4. broke

8. Swimming to Open Up Borders 1 When most people think of swimming, they think of summertime and a hot day at the beach. Lynn Cox thinks of icy cold water, of dolphins, sharks, and jellyfish, and of 20- foot waves. Why? Lynne is an open-water swimmer. Open –water swimmers do not swim in pools but in lakes, seas, and oceans. They swim in some of the most dangerous waters in the world trying break records for the fastest time. 2 Lynne was born in 1957 in the state of New Hampshire. She started swimming at the age of 5. Her parents, who were both swimmers, encouraged her love of swimming. Then, when Lynne was 12, the family moved to Southern California. Here Lynne could swim in the ocean year round.

9. Swimming to Open Up Borders 3. In 1971, at the age of 14, Lyne made the 27 – mile swim to Catalina, an island off the coast of California. This swim was just the beginning. At age 17, Lynne swam the English English Channel, in just 9 hours and 57 minutes. This time of under 10 hours broke the women’s record by three hours and the men’s record by one hour. Then, in 1975, she swam, beside a group of dolphins, across Cook Strait in New Zealand 3. In 1977, she swam between Norway and Sweden and between Sweden Denmark. During these swims, she had to keep away from 3– foot – long jellyfish. The next year, she swam in 20-foot- long jellyfish. The next year, she swam in 20-foot waves around Africa’s Cape of Good

10. Swimming to Open Up Borders Hope, watching for sharks all the way. At one point, a 12 – foot shark came so close that a helper on a boat had to use a gun to scare it away. Often, Lynne was the first person ever to do these swims. And most of the swims were in very, very cold water, with temperatures as low as 44 F (6.7 C). 4 Lynne’s ability to tolerate very cold water is part of the reason that she’s such an outstanding open-water swimmer. Most people could not survive for more than about 30 minutes in water that’s 44 F, but Lynne can swim in water that cold for hours. In fact, Lynne’s body temperature often rises when she swims in cold water. Doctors have found that Lynne has an extra layer of fat around her heart, liver, and other organs. This fat keeps her warm in cold water

11. Swimming to Open Up Borders 5 People admired Lynne as a great athlete. She broke records, survived cold temperatures and other dangers, and swam where no one ever swam before. But Lynne decided she wanted to use her talent to do something more. She wanted to encourage peace and to help improve relations between countries. In the 1980s relation between the United States and Russia were not very good. Lynne decided to swim the 2.7 miles across the Bering Strait, form Alaska, in the United States, to Russia. Lynne wanted the challenge of swimming the extremely cold water( 38-44 F) [ 3.3-3.6 C] of the Bering Strait. But even more, Lynne wanted to bring the two countries together. She had to write many letters before the two governments agreed to the swim. Finally, in 1978,

12. she swam across the strait- and both Secretary General Mikhail Gorbachev and President Ronald Reagan celebrated her achievement. 6Lynne continues to make swims that she hopes will support peace and help bring countries together. For example, in 1990, she swam between Argentina and Chile,’ By swimming from on national boundary to another.’ Lynne says, ‘ I hope to push the borders open a little further.’ Swimming to Open Up Borders

13. B. The Athlete’s Life 1940Born in Tres Coracoes<, Brazil 1945Started to play soccer in the streets 1956Started to play professionally for the Brazilian team Santos 1958Scored two goals in World Cup final, which Brazil won 1962Helped Brazil win World Cup

14. Vita of Edson Arantes Do Nascimento 1962Helped Brazil win World Cup 1969Scored his one – thousandth goal 1970Scored goal in World Cup final, which Brazil won 1974Retired from Santos 1975Joined New York team Cosmos, helping to make soccer popular in the United States 1977Retired from soccer, with an amazing 1,280 goals in 1,362 professional games 1977 present Works for UNICEF ( United Nations Children’s Fund) and other children’s causes; travels the world to promote soccer 1978Received international Peace Award for his work with children 1980 Named Athlete of the Century

15. Focus on Writing Transition Words Transition words are used to show the relationships between the sentence in a piece of writing. Transition words of time are used to show time relationships. They help the reader understand which event happened first, which happened second and so on. Transition words of time include first, then, next, and later, which have similar meaning, and finally. First, I packed my bags. Then, I took my passport and my ticket. Next, I called a taxi. Finally, I said goodbye to my family and left for the airport. First Then Next Finally

16. Fill in the blanks /page 51 Question 2 1.first 2. next to – then 3. next to – then 4. Finally

17. The Present Progressive Tense Present Continuous Use the present progressive to talk about an action that is happening right now. We use verb to be ( is- are) +base form (eat)+ ing She is eating. – We are eating. Affirmative Contraction I am writing I’m eating You are writing you’re reading He,she,it is writing he’s working We are writing we’re playing They are writing They’re cooking

18. Negative affirmative`Negative/ contraction I am playingI’m not playing You are playingYou aren’t playing He is playingHe isn’t playing WeWe aren’t playing They are playingThey aren’t playing Spelling Run – running Double the consonant. Other Possible contractions: You’re not- he’s not- We’re not- They’re not Skate- skating Come – coming Play – playing Take out the /e/ and add /ing Notice: He is swimming. is swimming = verb Notice: Swimming is good for you. Swimming = noun [not a verb here]

19. Re order the words /page 54 Question 2 2. Robbin isn’t biking across America. 3. They aren’t playing soccer in the park. 4. We’re trying to win this game.

20. Grammar/ page 54 3. I’m not watching 4. is throwing 5. is running 6. are trying 7. are not trying 8. is jumping 9. is making 10. is happening 11. I’m not sitting.