1. Comma Spices & Run-On Sentences
Chapter 20

2. WHAT ARE THEY? Comma splice = Comma fault
When a comma is used incorrectly between complete sentences.
Run-On Sentence = Fused sentence/Run-together sentence
Two complete sentences run into each other without any punctuation.

3. PRACTICE
The icebergs broke off from the glacier, they drifted into the sea.
COMMA SPLICE
The icebergs broke off from the glacier they drifted into the sea.
RUN-ON SENTENCE
The icebergs broke off from the glacier. They drifted into the sea.
CORRECT

4. EXCEPTION
When meaning allows, a colon or dash can be used to join two independent clauses.

5. RECOGNIZING “THEM” Know an Independent Clause
Know a comma splice or run-on.
QUICK REFERENCE 20.1

6. THE CORRECTION Use a period between the two sentences.
A shark is all cartilage. It does not have a bone in its body.
Use a semicolon between the two sentences.
The great white shark supposedly eats humans; research shows that most white sharks spit them out after the first bite.

7. Coordination & Subordination
Important to Sentence Structuring

8. Definition Reflect relationships between ideas being expressed.
Coordination shows the EQUALITY of ideas.
Subordination shows the value of one idea over the other.

9. Example The sky turned dark gray. The wind died down. COORDINATION:
The sky turned dark gray, and the wind died down.
SUBORDINATION 1 & 2:
As the sky turned dark gray, the wind died down. (Focus: the wind.)
As the wind died down, the sky turned dark gray. (Focus: the sky.)

10. What is sentence coordination?
Two or more INDEPENDENT CLAUSES are equivalent or balanced.
Example:
The sky turned brighter, and people emerged happily from buildings.
The sky turned brighter; people emerged happily from buildings.

11. Coordinate sentence = Compound sentence
Independent Clause/Meaning Conveyed:
, and
, but
, yet
, for
, or
, nor
, so ;
addition F A N B O Y S
mean contrast
reason or choice
a choice
negative choice
result or effect

12. Choosing a Coordination
The IDEAS must be related or equivalent!
Exercises 9-3/page 222

13. What is sentence subordination?
Important idea
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
Less Important Idea - Subordinate
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
Page 223 / 9J

14. The Structure of a Subordinate Sentence
Start with a Dependent Clause with a subordinating conjunction OR
Relative Pronoun (who, which, that)
Example:
If they are very lucky, the passengers may glimpse dolphins breaking water playfully near the ship.
Pandas are solitary animals, which means they are difficult to protect from extinction.
QUICK REFERENCE – 9.f

15. Types of Dependent Clauses
Adverb Clause, independent clause.
After the sky grew dark, the wind died suddenly.
Independent Clause, Adverb Clause
Birds stopped singing, as they do during an eclipse.
Adverb/Adjective Clauses - Quick Reference 9.1/page 224
Exercise 9-4/page 225

16. Fragments w/Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions – Quick Reference 14.7.
Frequently used:
After
Although
Because
Before If
Unless
When
EXERCISE 19-4/page 388.

17. PRACTICE Exercise 19-4/388 Exercise 20-1/394 Exercise 20-2/396

18. CONJUCTIVE ADVERBS & Transitional Expressions
Link ideas between sentences.
A period or semicolon is required.
Include words such as
However
Therefore
Also
Next
Then
Furthermore
Nevertheless
QUICK REFERENCE 14.5
CONJUCTIVE ADVERBS ARE NOT COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS!!
And, but, etc – 20c3

19. PRACTICE
20-3/398
20-4/399