1. Unequal representation by population – one member of a legislative body represents a substantially different number of people than another member with the same voting power The Senate is inherently malapportioned, because different states have different populations but equal voting power.

2.  7 largest states (CA, TX, FL, NY, IL, PA, OH)  2010 total population: 125,735,790  Total votes in the House: 195  Total votes in the Senate: 14  39 smallest states  2010 total population: 120,525,497  Total votes in the House: 187  Total votes in the Senate: 78

3. DemocraticRepublicanOther 201029,209,49932,950,3042,441,550 201251,802,56640,625,7792,216,756 201419,941,75422,781,5711,885,364 Total100,953,81996,357,6546,543,670 D%VoteR%VoteSeats 201045.21%51.01%11 D, 24 R 201254.73%42.92%27 D, 8 R 201444.70%51.07%12 D, 24 R Total49.52%47.27%46 D, 54 R

4.  People who vote more regularly are more likely to fit the Republican demographic (a lot of Democrats stayed home in 2010 and 2014).  The President’s party almost always loses seats in midterm elections (DOL&S p. 90)  Updating the chart on p. 90: D’s lost 8 Senate seats and 13 House seats  The group of Senators who were up for election in 2014 represented the smallest population class of the three.  Illinois and Texas were the only two of the seven largest states that held elections.

5.  HOUSE  D 1955-1995  R 1995-2007  D 2007-2011  R 2011-2017  SENATE  D 1955-1981  R 1981-1987  D 1987-1995  R 1995-2001  50-50 Jan.-June 2001  D Jan. 3-20  VP Gore broke tie  R Jan. 20-June  VP Cheney broke tie  D June 2001-2003 Sen. Jeffords left R party  R 2003-2007  D 2007-2015  R 2015-2017

6.  The South is no longer represented by Democrats elected and re-elected in uncontested elections.  The Democratic Congressional coalition is therefore much smaller than it used to be.