1. The Russian Revolution
War and Discontent
Nicholas II was an autocratic ruler
Russia not prepared for war
Influence of Rasputin
The March Revolution
Problems in Petrograd
March of the women, March 8, 1917
Calls for a general strike
Soldiers join the marchers
Provisional Government takes control
Alexander Kerensky ( )
Tried to carry on the war
Soviets sprang up
Bolsheviks under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov,
Sent back to Russia in a sealed train by the Germans
“Peace, land and bread”

2. Map 25.4: The Russian Revolution

3. Russian Revolution (cont)
The Bolshevik Revolution
Bolsheviks control Petrograd and Moscow soviets
Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918
Civil War
Bolshevik (Red) army and Anti-Bolshevik (White) army
Murder of the Tsar and his family (July 16, 1918)
Disunity among the white army
Communists and “War communism”
Invasion of allied troops
19121: Communists victory

4. The 1905 Russian Revolution

5. Nicholas II: The Last Romanov Tsar [r. 1894-1917]

6. The Tsar & His Family

7. Hemophilia & the Tsarevich

8. Nicholas II & His Uncle, George V

9. Causes

10. 1. Early 20c: Russian Social Hierarchy

11. 2. First Stages of Industrialization
An Early Russian Factory

12. 3. Weak Economy
1905 Russian Rubles

13. 4. Extensive Foreign Investments & Influence
Building the Trans-Siberian RR [Economic benefits only in a few regions.]

14. 5. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]
The “Yellow Peril”

15. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]

16. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]

17. Russian & Japanese Soldiers

18. Russia Is Humiliated

19. Treaty of Portsmouth [NH] - 1905
President Theodore Roosevelt Acts as the Peacemaker
[He gets the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.]

20. 6. Unrest Among the Peasants & Urban Working Poor
Father Georgi Gapon: Leader of the People OR Police Informer?

21. The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905
The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

22. The Revolution Spreads

23. Russian Cossacks Slaughter The People in Odessa
Anti-Jewish Attacks

24. 7. The Battleship Potemkin Mutiny [June, 1905]

25. Results

26. 1. The Tsar’s October Manifesto

27. 2. The Opening of the Duma: Possible Reforms?
1906
The first two tries were too radical.
The third duma was elected by the richest people in Russia in 1907.

28. The Russian Constitution of 1906
Known as the Fundamental Laws [April 23, 1906].
The autocracy of the Russian Tsar was declared.
The Tsar was supreme over the law, the church, and the Duma.
It confirmed the basic human rights granted by the October Manifesto, BUT made them subordinate to the supremacy of the law.

29. 3. Jewish Refugees Come to America in 1906

30. 4. The Path to October, 1917

31. Why did the 1905 Revolution Fail?

32. The Russian Revolution
Post 1905
Revolution of 1917

33. Our objectives are:
You will be able to understand why the events of World War I hastened the outbreak of the Russian Revolution
What was the ultimate fate of the Russian Royal Family—judge for yourself if they deserved their fate.
In what ways did Lenin solve the erratic political situation that existed in Russia during the Revolution’s early months?
You will be able to understand the deeper meaning of the slogan “PEACE, LAND, and BREAD.”

34. We have already learned that Marx published his Communist Manifesto in 1848.

35. Marx watched the events in Paris 1871 and the commune with interest
Marx watched the events in Paris 1871 and the commune with interest. The commune in Paris did not succeed.

36. But the idea that revolution was needed to overthrow governments remained a key point of Marxist doctrine.

37. Marxism should have been just another ‘ism of the 1800’s.

38. But Marxism found fertile ground in the Russian state
But Marxism found fertile ground in the Russian state. A country plagued by deep rooted societal, social and political difficulties.

39. Russia was ripe for revolution:
A previous history of oppression
A rising sense of Pan-Slavism: Russia has a unique destiny
Local conflicts across the vast Russian empire.

40. A brief review: Alexander II freed the serfs.
Alexander was assassinated by the “Peoples Will”
His son, Alexander III is reactionary: drives revolutionaries and terrorists into exile.

41. We have already learned that war broke out in August 1914 after Russia mobilized to protect Serbian interest.

42. Peasants and ordinary workers were sent to fight the Germans
Peasants and ordinary workers were sent to fight the Germans. Terrible disasters at Tannenberg and the Mausaurian Lakes, in the first month of the war, destroyed the Russian soldier’s confidence…

43. The Germans moved deep into Russia territory, and by 1915, over 2 million Russian soldiers had been killed, wounded, or captured.

44. The Middle class offered support to the government
The Middle class offered support to the government. Business groups put factories into maximum production.

45. But life at court was bizarre…the Tsarina Alexandra relied on Rasputin to treat her hemophiliac son, Alexei.

46. All groups complained about the Tsar, the court, and while the nation was at war, the system seemed hopelessly “out of it.”

47. The Dumas reassembled in November 1916, and loudly protested conditions. The leader of the Dumas shouted out about the sinister influence of Rasputin.

48. In December 1916, Rasputin was assassinated by Prince Yssapov and others…

49. The Tsar had gone to the front to command the troops…

50. While in St. Petersburg, in March 1917, food riots broke out.

51. Crowds shouted “Down with the Tsar
Crowds shouted “Down with the Tsar.” And, most important, the imperial troops refused to fire on the rioters.

52. Mutiny and insubordination spread throughout the city…

53. Middle class leaders demanded that a new ministry be formed with approval of the Dumas.

54. Tsar Nicolas retaliated by disbanding the Duma…the city of St
Tsar Nicolas retaliated by disbanding the Duma…the city of St. Petersburg split into two factions—those who supported the Dumas…

55. And the other was the Petrograd Soviet, representing revolutionary forces.

56. In March, 1917, the Duma’s committee set up a Provisional Government.

57. The Tsar tried to return from the front, but his train was turned back by troops. Nicolas abdicated the throne.

58. He also abdicated the throne for his heir, the hemophiliac Alexei, and his brother, Michael, also refused the throne.

59. On March 17, 1917, Russia became a republic, and the 300 year old Romanov Dynasty came to and end. The Royal Family was held at their residence, then a year later, they were assassinated at Ekaterinburg, Siberia.

60. The Provisional Government immediately promised elections by universal male suffrage

61. They also arranged to prepare a constitution for the new regime
They also arranged to prepare a constitution for the new regime. Then, it tried to continue the war against Germany…

62. In July 1917, a new offensive was mounted against the Germans---but the Germans struck back, hard.

63. Things fell apart: the armies at the front “melted away” and made their way home to make sure they got their share of this land redistribution.

64. The Provincial Government also promised wholesale re-distribution of land to the peasants.

65. The Petrograd Soviet opposed the war, and called for its immediate end.

66. Much of the intelligentsia that is kicked out of Russia will come back with revolutionary ideas. Many “underground” groups will form.

67. One of the Intelligentsia was Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)

68. Lenin’s brother had been executed as an auxiliary member of the plot to assassinate Alexander III.

69. Because of this, Lenin was unable to attend law school
Because of this, Lenin was unable to attend law school. He eventually engaged in revolutionary activities and was sent to Europe. He did not return until 1917—the year of the Russian Revolution

70. So what did Lenin believe in?
that the rich abused the poor
that anybody making a profit was abusing everybody else
that everybody was equal
wanted a government that truly represented the people
wanted the overthrow of the Russian government that kept the huge majority of Russian people in misery

71. Vladimir Lenin arrived in Petrograd on April 3, 1917 aboard a sealed train that had taken him from Switzerland through Germany. At the Finland Station he issued a speech denouncing both positions and demanding the elimination of dual power by the transfer of "all power to the soviets."

72. Now, in July 1917, there was a rebellion against the Provisional Government by some soldiers and sailors. Lenin was blamed for this, and he had to “temporarily” flee to Finland. He would return just a few months later and this time, he would take control of the city.

73. Now, in July 1917, there was a rebellion against the Provisional Government by some soldiers and sailors. Lenin was blamed for this, and he had to “temporarily” flee to Finland. He would return just a few months later and this time, he would take control of the city.

74. The Provisional Government tried to maintain popular support by naming Alexander Kerensky as its head.

75. Now, a military commander, General Kornilov, who was defeated in his efforts to overthrow the government. However, the Bolsheviks continued to press for control of the government.

76. Kerensky lost support. The food situation worsened
Kerensky lost support. The food situation worsened. The war front was now in a state of collapse.

77. WHO WAS GOING TO TAKE POWER?

78. Lenin proposed to end the war, redistribute land, and provide work by transferring ownership in factories to the workers themselves.

79. Lenin promised PEACE, LAND and BREAD

80. This slogan was repeated in pamphlets dispersed throughout the city.

81. Most of the intelligentsia yearned for an over throw of the government, so they could skip the problems of Capitalist Industrial Europe.

82. Lenin raised the cry “All power to the Soviets” to crush Kerensky
Lenin raised the cry “All power to the Soviets” to crush Kerensky. Kerensky struggled to control the Provisional Government.

83. Lenin judged his hour had come
Lenin judged his hour had come. He was backed up by Trotsky and Stalin, both emerging leaders in the Bolshevik party.

84. Lenin returned in October, inspiring an armed revolution with the slogan "All Power to the Soviets!" against the Provisional Government. His ideas which called for a new form of government based on workers' councils, or soviets. In this work he also claimed that ordinary workers should, in principle, be capable of running a factory or government. He emphasized, though, that to be able to govern the state, a worker should "learn communism." He furthermore insisted that a member of the government should be paid no more than the salary of an average worker

85. Troops around St. Petersburg (Petrograd) voted to support the Soviets in their takeover…

88. On the night of November 6-7th, 1917, the Bolsheviks took over the…
Telephone exchanges (communication)
Railway stations
Electric power stations
A warship turned its guns on the Winter Palace where Kerensky’s government sat.

89. The Soviets now proclaimed that they were the new government
The Soviets now proclaimed that they were the new government. the Council of People’s Commissars.
Lenin was the head
Trotsky was in charge of foreign affairs
Stalin was in charge of domestic affairs among the various Russian states.
Kerensky fled to the U.S. and died in 1970!

90. Lenin introduced two resolutions:
To negotiate a just democratic peace
To abolish all landlord property immediately and without compensation.
The vast landlord estates were now given to peasants to provide a base of support for the Bolsheviks

91. Just a side note: This November revolution is actually called the October revolution, or October 1917, because the Julian calendar was used in Russia until 1918—and the Julian calendar was a month behind the Gregorian calendar.

92. The long awaited constituent assembly met in January 1918, after 36 million persons had voted for it. But, when the votes were counted:
9 million had voted for the Bolsheviks
21 million had voted for Kerensky
Lenin broke up the assembly by having armed sailors surround it.

93. Thus, Lenin did not favor majority rule
Thus, Lenin did not favor majority rule. He decided that the Bolsheviks would make the decisions. Two months later, the Bolsheviks named themselves the Communist party.

94. The Russian Revolution would now continue with a Civil War between those that supported the Tsar (the whites) and those that supported the Communists (the Reds). It took years before Russia was stable. Stay tuned…

95. Russia began to pass through the industrial revolution during this agitated time…but most of the money came from Europe.

96. They wanted industrialization—but industries owned by the state, and not by some rich smug factory owner who exploited his workers.