1. The Marmaray Tunnel Project Bosphorus Strait, Turkey
Jenny Allen
Oliver Read
Aaron Fullick

2. Introduction Bosphorus Strait Istanbul 32km long 0.7 – 3.5 km wide
35m depth
Istanbul
2 toll bridges
Train and ferry – 3 hours

3. Introduction Bosphorus Strait Istanbul Black Sea (Asian Side) Turkey
Sea of Marmara
Turkey
(European side)
(Asian Side)
Bosphorus Strait
32km long
0.7 – 3.5 km wide
35m depth
Istanbul
2 toll bridges
Train and ferry – 3 hours

4. Introduction Bosphorus Strait Istanbul Black Sea Turkey (Asian Side)
32km long
0.7 – 3.5 km wide
35m depth
Istanbul
2 toll bridges
Train and ferry – 3 hours
Turkey
(Asian Side)
Turkey
(European side)
Sea of Marmara

5. Introduction Bosphorus Strait Istanbul Black Sea Turkey (Asian Side)
32km long
0.7 – 3.5 km wide
35m depth
Istanbul
2 toll bridges
Train and ferry – 3 hours
Turkey
(Asian Side)
Turkey
(European side)
Sea of Marmara

6. The need for a Rail Tunnel?
Reduce congestion and pollution
Increase current crossing capacity
Improve existing rail links
Reduce dependency on oil imports
Increase rail freight usage

7. Marmaray Tunnel 1.4km Immersed Tunnel
Deepest immersed tunnel in the world at 56m.
Major part of the $3bn Marmaray project

8. Geology Paleozoic Rock (545-250 Million years ago)
Sedimentary Rocks – mudstones, silstones and sandstones
Tertiary Sediments ( 65 – 1.8 Million years ago)
Quaternary Sediments (1.8 Million years ago – present)

9. North Anatolian Fault 20km South of Istanbul
Anatolian Plate is being “squeezed” Westwards by the Arabian and Eurasian plates.

10. North Anatolian Fault Stress on fault is being shifted along.
7 earthquakes over 7 on the Richter scale since 1939.
Earthquake in Istanbul is imminent.

11. Earthquakes Destructive power of earthquake Liquefaction Settlement
Underwater land slides
Tsunamis

12. Tunnels in Earthquake Zones
Bart Tunnel, San Francisco Bay
Seikan Tunnel, Japan
Project heavily influenced by these projects and the expertise gained from them

13. Archaeology Settlement dating back over 8000 years
The discovery of the 4th century port of Theodosius on the European side has caused a 4 year delay to the project

14. Solutions High Compaction Grouting in boreholes
Large cover of sediment
Soil / cemeticious mix
Current prediction

15. Solutions Tunnel Boring Machine Specialised concrete
Cathodic protection

16. Solutions
Rubber flexible joints
Waterproofing Membranes

17. Conclusions
Any Questions?