1. Chapter 11: Feeding the World

2. Nutrition Food Security Macro vs. micro nutrients Malnutrition
Undernutrition
Overnutrition
WHO | Obesity and overweight
Malnutrition and Gender Inequality

3. Protein Energy Malnutrition
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor

4. Ways to reduce childhood deaths from hunger and malnutrition
Immunize
Breastfeed
Prevent dehydration
Provide family planning
Increase education for women
Provide Vitamin A

5. Famine Sudan, Africa: Civil war since 1983
Mother describes life in Southern Sudan
Teaching Farming Techniques

6. Animation: Land Use
PLAY
ANIMATION

7. Green Revolution
Increased yields per unit area since 1940’s Three steps:
Developing and planting monocultures, selective breeding or genetically engineered crops
Increased use of fertilizers, pesticides and water
Increasing the intensity and frequency of cropping
The Green Revolution: Waging A War Against Hunger

8. Agriculture
Where would you find the following types of agriculture and what types of crops are grown by each?
Traditional (low input)
Industrial (high input)
Plantation

9. Industrialized agriculture Plantation agriculture
Figure 13.4
Natural capital: locations of the world’s principal types of food production.
Industrialized agriculture
Plantation agriculture
Intensive traditional ag.
Shifting cultivation
Nomadic herding
No agriculture
Fig. 13-4, p. 275

10. Traditional subsistence agriculture
Traditional intensive agriculture

11. Industrial agriculture (high input)
What are the high inputs required to make industrialized agriculture work?
Tend to be monocultures

12. Plantation agriculture
Type of industrialized agriculture
Problems associated with plantation agriculture
Coffee plantation Kenya
Tea plantation in Malaysia

13. Organic Farming
Food grown without the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers
Disadvantages of organic farming?

14. Slow population growth. Sharply reduce poverty.
Three ways to decrease hunger, malnutrition and the harmful environmental effects of agriculture:
Slow population growth.
Sharply reduce poverty.
Develop and phase in systems of more sustainable, low input agriculture over the next few decades.
Back to the Start
Figure 13-34

15. Grazing Ungrazed Grazed Recovery Metabolic reserve intact Metabolic

16. Overgrazing Ungrazed Overgrazed Death Most of metabolic Metabolic
reserve
Most of
metabolic
eaten

17. Producing More Meat
Rangelands vs. feedlots (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations - CAFO’s)
The Meatrix
Meatrix 2
Meatrix 2.5
Grocery Store Wars

18. Increased meat production
Trade-Offs
Animal Feedlots
Advantages
Disadvantages
Increased meat production
Need large inputs of grain, fish meal, water, and fossil fuels
Efficient or inefficient?
Higher profits
Concentrate animal wastes that can pollute water
Less land use
Hogs & Water Quality
Reduced overgrazing
Figure 13.21
Trade-offs: advantages and disadvantages of animal feedlots. QUESTION: Which single advantage and which single disadvantage do you think are the most important?
Reduced soil erosion
Antibiotics can increase genetic resistance to microbes in humans
Image of Hog Farms
Help protect biodiversity
Fig , p. 289

19. Use of antibiotics and steroids in meat production
Animal Antibiotic Overuse Hurting Humans? - CBS Evening News - CBS News
Growth steroids (hormones): cattle and sheep
Milk Production hormones: dairy cattle (not beef cattle)
No growth hormones allowed for poultry (turkey, chicken and ducks) or pigs

20. Fishing Methods Trawler fishing Fish farming in cage Spotter airplane
Sonar
Trawl flap
Trawl lines
Purse-seine fishing
Trawl bag
Fish school
Drift-net fishing
Long line fishing
Lines with hooks
Fish caught by gills
Deep sea aquaculture cage
Float
Buoy
Turtle excluder device

21. Trade-Offs Aquaculture Advantages Disadvantages Dan Barber Video
High efficiency
Needs large inputs of land, feed, and water
High yield in small volume of water
Large waste output
Destroys mangrove forests and estuaries
Can reduce overharvesting of conventional fisheries
Uses grain to feed some species
Figure 13.24
Trade-offs: advantages and disadvantages of aquaculture. QUESTION: Which two advantages and which two disadvantages do you think are the most important?
Low fuel use
Dense populations vulnerable to disease
High profits
Dan Barber Video
Tanks too contaminated to use after about 5 years
Profits not tied to price of oil
Fig , p. 292

22. More Sustainable Aquaculture
Solutions
More Sustainable Aquaculture
• Use less fishmeal feed to reduce depletion of other fish
• Improve management of aquaculture wastes
• Reduce escape of aquaculture species into the wild
• Restrict location of fish farms to reduce loss of mangrove forests and estuaries
Figure 13.25
Solutions: ways to make aquaculture more sustainable and reduce its harmful environmental effects. QUESTION: Which two of these solutions do you think are the most important?
• Farm some aquaculture species in deeply submerged cages to protect them from wave action and predators and allow dilution of wastes into the ocean
• Certify sustainable forms of aquaculture
Fig , p. 293

23. Government Policies and Food Production
Governments use three main approaches to influence food production:
Control prices to keep prices artificially low.
Provide subsidies to keep farmers in business.
Let the marketplace decide rather that implementing price controls.

24. What is a subsidy?
Financial assistance from the government to assist a business
Agricultural subsidies:
Direct payments to farmers for certain levels of output
Price supports that keep prices higher to increase revenue for farmers: Ex: the government sets a minimum price for sugar that it guarantees to sugar growers. If the market price drops below that level, the government makes up the difference.
Protection against imports of certain products (sugar, dairy) to keep market for local producers

25. Animation: Pesticide Examples
PLAY
ANIMATION
Persistence
Resistance

26. THE GENE REVOLUTION
To increase crop yields, we can mix the genes of similar types of organisms and mix the genes of different organisms.
Artificial selection has been used for centuries to develop genetically improved varieties of crops.
Genetic engineering develops improved strains at an exponential pace compared to artificial selection.
Controversy has arisen over the use of genetically modified food (GMF).

27. Mixing Genes
Genetic engineering involves splicing a gene from one species and transplanting the DNA into another species.
PBS - harvest of fear: what about this fish?
Proposition 37 in CA
Figure 13-19

28. How Would You Vote?
Do the advantages of genetically engineered foods outweigh their disadvantages?
a. No. The impact of these foods could cause serious harm to the environment or human health.
b. Yes. These foods are needed to combat world hunger.

29. Solutions: Making the Transition to More Sustainable Agriculture
More research, demonstration projects, government subsidies, and training can promote more sustainable organic agriculture.
Figure 13-35