1. Morphemes
No.8

2. A. Definition of Morpheme
A morpheme is a short segment of language that meets three criteria:
1)It is a word or a part of a word that has
meaning.
2)It cannot be divided into smaller
meaningful parts without violation of
its meaning or without meaningless
remainders.
3)It recurs in differing verbal
environments with a relatively stable
meaning.
e.g.
The word straight

3. e.g. 1-it is a word and can be found listed in any dictionary.
2-cannot be divided without violation of meaning.
3-straight recurs with a relatively stable meaning, straighten- a straight line.

4. Exercise 8-1

5. Exercise 8-2

6. Exercise 8-3

7. B.Free and Bound Morphemes
A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. For instance , Eat
A bound morpheme, unlike the free, cannot be uttered alone with meaning.
e.g.
ante-,re-

8. C.Bases
Another classification of morphemes puts them into two classes:
Bases and affixes.
1)A base morpheme is the part of a word that has principal meaning :denial, lovable. Bases are very numerous and most of them are free morphemes; but some are bound , like- sent in consent. A word may contain one base and several affixes.
e.g.
Readability

9. Exercise 8-4

10. Exercise 8-6

11. - Phil ,- phile(lover) ; - logy science or study of}
Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary:
1):{phot - , photo - (light) ; xer - , xero - (dry); bi-, bio - (life) ; mis -, miso - (hate) ; ge-, geo-(earth); biblio- (book); - meter (measure) ; tele -, tel - (distant) ;
- Phil ,- phile(lover) ; - logy science or study of}

12. D . Difficulties in Morphemic Analysis
1)The first difficulty is that you have your own individual stock of morphemes. For example, Tom may think of automobile as ,one morpheme meaning “car", whereas Dick may know the morphemes auto(self)and mobile (moving), and recognize them in other words like autographs

13. D.Difficulties in Morphemic Analysis
2)The second difficulty is that persons
may know a given morpheme but differ
in the degree to which they are aware
of its presence in various words.
e.g.
Agentive suffix (spelled –er, -or, -ar) meaning” one who, that which," and recognize it in words like singer and actor but what about in professor and sweater.

14. D.Difficulties in Morphemic Analysis
3)Another problem results from the fact that metaphors die as language changes.
e.g.
Morpheme –prehend –In apprehend (=to arrest or seize)

15. E.Affixes
An affix is a bound morpheme that occurs before or within or after a base.
There are three kinds,:
1-prefixes,2-infixes, 3-suffixes.
1)Prefixes are those bound morphemes that occur before a base, as in import, prefix, reconsider. Prefixes in English are a small class.

16. E.Affixes
2)Infixes are bound morphemes that have been inserted within a word. In English these are rare. Occasionally they are additions within a word, But infixes in English are most commonly replacements, not additions.
They occur in a few noun plurlas, like the-ee- in geese, replacing the –oo- of goose.

17. Exercise 8-9

18. E.Affixes e.g. normalizers
3)Suffixes are bound morphemes that occur after a base, like shrinkage, failure.
Suffixes may pile up to the number or three or four , whereas prefixes are commonly single, except for the negative un-before another prefix.
e.g.
normalizers

19. Exercise 8-10

20. F.Inflectional Affixes
The inflectional affixes can be schematized as follows:

21. F.Inflectional Affixes
The words to which these affixes are attached are called stems .The stem includes the base or bases and all the derivational affixes. playboys is playboy and that of beautified is beautify.
The inflectional suffixes differ from the derivational suffixes in the following ways:
1-They do not change the part of speech.
Example: cold , colder(both adjectives)

22. F.Inflectional Affixes
2-They come last in a word.
Examples: shortened.
3-They go with all stems of a given part of speech.
Examples: He eats , drinks.
4-They do not pile up; only one ends a word.
Examples: working.

23. Exercise 8-12

24. G.Derivational Suffixes
The characteristics of derivational suffixes:
1.The words with which derivational suffixes combine is an arbitrary matter. To make a noun from the verb adorn we must add ment.-
Exercise 8-13

25. G.Derivational Suffixes
2.In many cases, but not all, a derivational suffix changes the part of speech of the word to which it is added. The noun act becomes an adjective by the addition of –ive.
Exercise 8-14

26. G.Derivational Suffixes
3.Derivational suffixes usually do not close off a word: that is, after a derivational suffix one can sometimes add another derivational suffix.
Exercise 8-15

27. G.Derivational Suffixes
The derivational paradigm is a set of related words composed of the same base morpheme and all the derivational affixes that can go with this base.
Example:man,manly,mannish,manful.
Exercise 8-17

28. H.Suffixal Homophones
1-The inflectional morpheme {-ER cp}has two homophones.
a. The first is the derivational suffix {-ER n},which is attached to verbs to form nouns like hunter, fisher.
b.The second derivational –er morpheme appears at the end of words like chatter, mutter.
This {-ER rp} coveys the meaning of repetition.

29. I saw a burning house. H.Suffixal Homophones
2-The verbal inflectional suffix {-ING vb} has two homophones in –ing.
a. The first one is the nominal derivational suffix {-ING nm},which is found in words like meetings, weddings.
b.The second homophone of {-ING vb} is the adjectival morpheme {-ING aj} , as in a charming woman.
The verbal {-ING vb} can usually occur after as well as before the noun it modifies ,e.g.,
I saw a burning house.

30. Exercise 8-19

31. H.Suffixal Homophones Exercise 8-20
3) The verbal inflectional {-D} has 1 homophones a)in the adjectival derivational {-D aj},as in:
Helen was excited about her new job.
b.The verbal {-D pp}does not accept such modifiers.
Exercise 8-20

32. H.Suffixal Homophones
4) a. The adverbial derivational suffix {-LY av} is added to most adjectives to form adverbs of manner, as in rich, richly.
b.Derivational suffix {-LY aj} an adjectival morpheme .
Examples:love,lovely.

33. Exercise 8-22

34. Exercise 8-23