1. Dr. Tarek El Sewedy Department of Medical Laboratory Technology Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences

2. Lecture 4 Combining forms

3. By the end of this lecture, students will learn: Basic common combining forms Intended Learning Outcomes

4. Lecture content 1- Combining forms.

5. Review Word parts that make up medical terminology are prefixes, suffixes and roots. The most typical sequence is prefix, root, suffix, with the word root being central but this is not always the case.  Some medical terms contain a combining vowel (O) after the root and this is called combining form.  Some terms contain two or more roots and therefore called compound word (ex. osteoarthritis )

6. Combining form It is a root with an added “combining vowel” which connects the root with the suffix or with another root. o Root + ( o, i, e ) + suffix = Combining form o Root + ( o, i, e ) + root = Combining form The most common combining vowel is “ o “

7. Each element is essential to understand the meaning of the medical term PrefixRoot Combining Vowel Suffix or root Suffix or root REVIEW

8. Rules for using the combining vowels 1. To join a root to another root. Example : Oste + arthr + itis = osteoarthritis (root)+(root) +( suffix ) Bone + joint + inflammation

9. Rules for using the combining vowels 2. to connect a root with a suffix that begins with a consonant. Ex : Cardi + megaly = cardiomegaly (root)+ (suffix) Heart + enlargement 3. combining vowel is not used when suffix begins with a vowel. Ex : Hyster + ectomy = hysterectomy ( root )+ ( suffix ) Uterus + excision

10. Rules for the combining vowels 4. if a root ends in a vowel and the suffix starts with the same vowel, the second vowel is dropped. Ex : Cardi + itis = carditis (root)+ (suffix) Heart + inflammation 5. when a prefix ends in a vowel and the root starts with another vowel the vowel from the prefix is dropped. Ex : Para + enter + al = parenteral (prefix)+ ( root )+ ( suffix ) Beyond + intestine + connected with

11. How to read medical terms Start with the suffix… When you analyze a medical term, begin at the end of the word. The ending is called a suffix. The suffix in HEMATOLOGY is –LOGY, which means “study of ”.

12. Cont ……………. Next, read the beginning of the word.. Now look at the beginning of the term. HEMAT is the word root. The root gives the essential meaning of the term. The root HEMAT-means “blood.”

13. Combining vowel (s)… The third part of this term, which is the letter O, has no meaning of its own but is an important connector between the root (HEMAT) and the suffix (LOGY). The O is the ??.

15. Start at the end of the word and work to the left PrefixRoot Combining VowelSuffix

16. Examples of combining vowels 1. cardi = heart Pathy = disease Cardiopathy = disease of the heart 2. psych = mind Logy = study of Psychology = study of the mind

17. Exercise Nephroangiosclerosis

18. REVIEW Root: gives the essential meaning of the term Suffix: is the word ending Prefix: is a small part added to the beginning of a term Combining vowel: connects roots to suffixes and roots to other roots Combining form: is the combination of the root and combining vowel

19. Students selected for assignments علا حازم بدر

20. Assignments Students on next slide are requested to prepare a presentation (minimum of 7 slides) on any the following topics: 1.Respiratory system terminology (including disease) 2.Circulatory system terminology (including disease) 3.Cancer terminology 4.Digestive system Terminology 5.Combining forms and vowels Assignments should be delivered by next week

21. Study questions Give 2 examples of words with: One root and one suffix Two roots and one suffix One prefix and one root

22. Reference books 1 – Medical Terminology an illustrated Guide by Barbara Jonson Cohen 2003 2 – “Medical Terminology Simplified” F. A David 2009 3 – “Medical Terminology system : Approach Fifth Edition” Barbara A Gylys 2004