1. The Kennedy Years US History

3. What makes a Great President?

4. 10 Categories for Evaluating Presidents

5. Ranking of Presidents for Leadership

6. 1960 Election Richard Nixon (VP) vs. John F. Kennedy

7. Only 120,000 votes apart!!!! – Role of Illinois? **Watch Commercials 1960 Election

8. Paris, 1961 Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be controlled. JFK – “One of the worst days of my life”

9. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) Checkpoint Charlie

10. The Berlin Wall The wall was erected by the communist government of East Germany in 1961 to prevent people fleeing to the West The barrier around West Berlin was first barbed wire and then cinder blocks, 96 miles long. Around 5000 managed to cross between 1961 and 1989 and between 100-200 were killed as they tried to cross.

11. Berlin Wall

13. Khrushchev & Castro 1961 In 1959, Fidel Castro came to power in an armed revolt that overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. The U.S. government distrusted Castro and was wary of his relationship with Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union.

14. Containment Plan Train Cuban exiles for an invasion of their homeland (starting at the Bay of Pigs) The plan anticipated that the Cuban people and elements of the Cuban military would support the invasion. The ultimate goal was the overthrow of Castro and the establishment of a non- communist government friendly to the United States.

15. Bay of Pigs

16. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

17. Castro versus 1500 CIA trained exiles

18. The Battle? The Cuban-exile invasion force landed at beaches along the Bay of Pigs and immediately came under heavy fire. Cuban planes strafed the invaders, sank two escort ships, and destroyed half of the exile's air support. Castro ordered roughly 20,000 troops to advance toward the beach, and the Cuban air force continued to control the skies. The invasion was crushed later that day. Some exiles escaped to the sea, while the rest were killed or rounded up and imprisoned by Castro's forces. Almost 1,200 members of surrendered, and more than 100 were killed.

19. CASTRO

20. Outcomes On December 1962, the Cuban government exchanged the 1,113 captured mercenaries for 53 million dollars worth of baby food and medicine US Cost = $42 million for training and supplies + $53 million for ransom **End result = Castro remains in power and Soviet Union strengthens Cuban relationship

21. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) In October 1962, an American U-2 spy plane secretly photographed nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviet Union on the island of Cuba.

22. JFK’s Address to the Nation

23. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Kennedy decided to place a naval blockade, or a ring of ships, around Cuba. The aim of this "quarantine," as he called it, was to prevent the Soviets from bringing in more military supplies. He demanded the removal of the missiles already there and the destruction of the sites.

24. KHRUSHCHEV Responds Dear Mr. President, Imagine, Mr. President, what if we were to present to you such an ultimatum as you have presented to us by your actions. How would you react to it? I think you would be outraged at such a move on our part. And this we would understand. Having presented these conditions to us, Mr. President, you have thrown down the gauntlet. Who asked you to do this? By what right have you done this? Our ties with the Republic of Cuba, as well as our relations with other nations, regardless of their political system, concern only the two countries between which these relations exist.

25. The End of the Letter? The Soviet government considers the violation of the freedom of navigation in international waters and air space to constitute an act of aggression propelling humankind into the abyss of a world nuclear-missile war. We will then be forced on our part to take those measures we deem necessary and sufficient to defend our rights. To this end we have all that is necessary.

26. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked! The Soviets agreed to dismantle the weapon sites in exchange for a pledge from the United States not to invade Cuba to remove its nuclear missiles from Turkey.

27. Long Term Outcomes of the Cuban Missile Crisis The establishment of a "Hotline" between the Kremlin and the White House and the signing of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The SALT Treaties made a significant contribution to containing the dangers of the Cold War and provided a foundation for continuing arms control measures to reduce the risk of nuclear war.

28. JFK’s Trip to Dallas

29. Assassination of JFK Lee Harvey Oswald November 22, 1963 Dallas, Texas

30. Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald November 24, 1963

31. Warren Commission’s Report It is apparent, however, that Oswald was moved by an overriding hostility to his environment. He does not appear to have been able to establish meaningful relationships with other people. He was perpetually discontented with the world around him. Long before the assassination he expressed his hatred for American society and acted in protest against it. Out of these and the many other factors which may have molded the character of Lee Harvey Oswald there emerged a man capable of assassinating President Kennedy.

32. LincolnKennedy Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846 Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946 He was elected President in 1860 He was elected President in 1960 His wife lost a child while living in the White House He was directly concerned with Civil Rights Lincoln was shot in the back of the head in the presence of his wife Kennedy was shot in the back of the head in the presence of his wife Lincoln shot in the Ford Theatre Kennedy shot in a Lincoln, made by Ford He was shot on a Friday The assassin, John Wilkes Booth, was known by three names, comprised of fifteen letters The assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, was known by three names, comprised of fifteen letters Booth shot Lincoln in a theater and fled to a warehouse Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and fled to a theater Booth was killed before being brought to trial Oswald was killed before being brought to trial There were theories that Booth was part of a greater conspiracy There were theories that Oswald was part of a greater conspiracy Lincoln's successor was Andrew Johnson, born in 1808 Kennedy's successor was Lyndon Johnson, born in 1908

33. Coincidence??? One more coincidence: –JFK was invited to speak at the hundredth anniversary of the Gettysburg Address 11/23/1963 –Originally accepted but cancelled to attend a political meeting in Dallas –Eternal flame for JFK was modified from the eternal flame at Gettysburg

34. 1964 Candidates Lyndon B. JohnsonBarry Goldwater 1964 Campaign Commercials!!!!!

35. 1964 Election Why would the South become Republican? - Democrats passed Civil Rights Act