1. 第二個音發音是在第一個音還沒發完的時候 就開始，有時候又稱為 anticipatory coarticulation ( 預期協同發音 ) 通常不同發聲器官的動作只是一種移動到某 個目標的情形。那個目標只是一個預計做的 動作，而不一定要發出來，因為有可能還沒 發完又有下一個目標音出現

2. bibdidgig Tongue tip Is behind the lower front teeth throughout the word. Goes up for the 1 st /d/ and remains close to the alveolar ridge during the vowel. The back of the tongue Is raised for the 1 st /g/ and remains near the soft palate during the vowel.

3. stop consonant + /w/ The stop are slightly rounded Ex: twice [tw aNs ] dwindle [dw NnL ] quick [kw Nk ] When the cluster is:

4. stop consonant + /r/ The stop are slightly rounded Ex: tree tee dream deem (rounded) (not rounded) When the cluster is:

5. lipsjawSoft palate Tongue position Tongue tip & Blade gesture Front / back tongue Larynx height /b/ xxxoo /d/ oxxxo /g/ oo

6. /k/ 遇到圓唇音時自己也會變圓唇，但改變的 程度則要視左右的母音而有所不同 Ex: coo [ku] (round lip) clue [klu] (slightly less lip) sack Lou [s W klu] (even less round) tackle Lou [t W k L lu] (lip rounding for the [u] starts in the [k] )

7. 但有些音的改變是因為要表達的目標不同， 而不是因為協同發音所致 Ex: reed initial [r] deer final [r] leaf initial [l] feel final [l] ten [t  Dn ] button Sometimes, the differences between allophones are the result of overlapping gestures, producing what have been called intrinsic allophones; sometimes, they involve different gestures, which may be called extrinsic allophones.

9. 1)Consonants are longer when at the end of a phrase. 2)Voiceless stops (/p, t, k/) are aspirated when in initial. 3)Obstruents( 阻塞音 ) - Stops & fricatives - are classified as voiced (/b, d, g, v, , z,  /) in only a small part of the articulation when they are at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound. Ex: bib, did, don, nod Ex: pip, test, kick Ex: improve [v] add two [d]

10. 4)So-called voiced stops & affricates /b, d, g, d  / are voiceless when in initial, except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound. 5)Voiceless stops /p, t, k/ are unaspirated after /s/ in words. 6)Voiceless obstruents /p, t, k, t , f, , s,  / are longer than the corresponding voiced obstruents /b, d, g, d , v, , z,  / when at the end of the syllable. Ex: this day stay Ex: spew, stew, skew Ex: cap cab back bag

11. 7)The approximants /w, r, j, l/ are at least partially voiceless when they are after initial /p, t, k, /. 8)The gestures for consecutive stops overlap, so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop. 9)Syllable final /p, t, k/ are accompanied by an overlapping glottal stop gesture. Ex: play, twin, cue [ ] Ex: apt [  p  t] rubbed [r Hb  d ] Ex: tip, pit, kick

12. 10) /t/ is replaced by a glottal stop when it is before an alveolar nasal in the same word. 11) Nasals are syllabic at the end of a word when after an obstruent. Ex: beaten [bi  N ] Ex: leaden, chasm [ ' l  d N, 'k  zM ]

13. 12)The lateral /l/ is syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant. 12a) The liquids /l, r/ are syllabic at the end of a word and after a consonant. Ex: saber, razor, hammer, tailor Ex: 1. stops or fricatives+/l/ paddle, whistle 2. nasal+/l/ kennel, channel

14. (13) EX: painter & splinter / winter &winner (14) most people /send paper (15) most people (16) concert (n) concerted(v) Big game / top post (17) [k] cap, kept, kit, key [g] gap, get, give, geese