1. The Skeleton

2. Two Divisions
Axial
Appendicular

3. Axial Skeleton

4. The “axis” of the Body Skull Inner ear bones Hyoid Bone Rib cage
Vertebral column

5. Axial Skeleton Functions
Framework for supporting and protecting organ systems in dorsal and ventral body cavities
Surface area for muscle attachment
Head, neck and trunk stability and movement
Respiratory movement
Stabilize/position appendicular skeleton

6. Skull Protect Brain Support sense organs Vision Hearing Balance
Olfaction
gustation

7. Skull 22 bones Seven additional bones in the skull 8 cranial 14 facial
6 auditory ossicles
Hyoid bone

8. Hyoid Bone Suspended below the skull by ligaments
Muscle base for the larynx (voice box)
Supports and positions the larynx

9. Vertebral Column
Spine is 26 bones
24 vertebrae
Saccrum
Coccyx

10. Vertebral Column Vertebrae are in regions
Cervical (C1 – C7): C1 = atlas; C2 = axis
Thoracic (T1 – T12)
Articulate with ribs
Lumbar (L1 – L5)
Total length in average adult is 28 inches

11. Intervertebral Disc
Fibrocartilage disc that lies between two adjoining vertebrae
Not found in sacrum or coccyx
“Shock absorbers”

12. Act as ligaments that hold the vertebrae of the spine together and as cartilaginous joints that allow for slight mobility in the spine.
Allow for movement at the waist as they act as a pivot point and allow the lumbar spine to bend, rotate, and twist

13. Vertebrae Anatomy
For the three types of vertebrae there are different distinguishing features
The openings of the vertebrae (foramen) form the vertebral canal which enclose the spinal cord

14. Vertebrae Anatomy Vertebral foramen: opening
Vertebral arch: posterior margin of foramen
Transverse process: site for muscle attachment
Spinous process: Bump down your back
Body: weight-bearing portion
Lamina: roof of vertebral arch
Pedicle: walls of vertebral arch

15. Cervical Vertebrae
There are seven cervical vertebrae which are located in the neck.
They are the smallest, and lightest vertebrae of the vertebral column.

16. Cervical Vertebrae Anatomy
Spinous Process
Superior articular facet
Lamina
Foramen
Pedicle
Transverse Process
Body

17. Thoracic Vertebrae
The rib cage of the chest is attached to the thoracic spine at each level.
Gives a great deal of stability and support to the upper body.
Limits the back's movement at the chest level.

18. Thoracic Vertebrae Anatomy
Spinous Process
Transverse Process
Lamina
Superior articular facet
Foramen
Pedicle
Body

19. Lumber Vertebrae
There are 5 lumbar vertebrae located in the lower back.
Receive the most stress and are the weight-bearing portion of the back.
Allow movements such as flexion and extension and some lateral flexion.

20. Lumbar Vertebrae Anatomy
Spinous Process
Superior articular facet
Lamina
Foramen
Pedicle
Transverse Process
Body

21. Sacrum and Coccyx Sacrum: five fused vertebrae
Protects reproductive and digestive organs
Attaches axial to appendicular skeleton
Extensive muscle attachment
Coccyx: 3-5 fused vertebrae
Attachment site for muscle that closes anal opening

23. Spinal Curves Curved to allow for weight distribution
2 primary curves: appear in late fetal development
Thoracic
Sacral
2 secondary curves: occur months after birth
Cervical
lumbar

24. Spinal Curves Secondary Curve Primary Curve Primary Curve

25. Chest Bones (Thorax)
Thoracic Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum

26. Ribs and Sternum 12 pairs of ribs 7 pairs of “true ribs”
Reach the anterior body wall and connect to the sternum by separate cartilage (costal cartilage)
8-12 are “false ribs”
Do not attach directly to the sternum
Costal cartilage of 8-10 fuses with 7
Last Two pairs = “floating ribs”
No sternum connection

28. Sternum
Manubrium: articulates with the clavicle
Body
Xiphoid process

29. intervertebral disc x ray