1. Appendicular Skeleton- Hind Limb
Connected to the axial skeleton at sacroiliac joint
Pelvic Limb:
Pelvis
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones (tarsus)
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges
Fix font. Make consistent 1

2. Pelvis May be referred to as the os coxae
Develops as three separate bones on each side that fuse into a solid structure.
2 sides halves join at the pelvic ______________.
Socket of ball and socket joint is the ______________.
Bones are:
_____________
Cranial most bone of pelvis
“Wings of the ilium” or hips in dogs and cats.
Tuber coxae are “points of the hip” in cattle and horses
Most caudal pelvic bone
Tailbone is ischial tuberosity.
Smallest of the pelvic bones
Pelvis

3. Femur Long Bone of thigh
Articulates proximally with the ___________ and distally with the ___________ and ____________
On proximal end is the ball portion of ball and socket joint, called the head.
Proximal end also contains the greater _______________ where muscles attach.
Distal end contains the medial and lateral condyles which form the _____________ (knee)
The trochlea is at the distal end in between the condyles and contains a groove that the patella fits in.
Like the humerus, there are palpable medial and lateral epicondyles
Femur

4. Patella Kneecap is largest ___________ bone in the body.
Formed in the distal tendon of the ____________ femoris muscle on the cranial aspect of the stifle joint.
Helps to protect tendon as it passes down over the trochlea of the femur.
Patellar luxation: when trochlear groove is not deep enough to contain patella so it slips in and out of place.
Usually will cause brief episodes of lameness which can correct.
May hear or feel “popping” in and out of place.
Found in small, toy breeds most prevalently.
Can be surgically corrected.
Patella

5. Fabellae
Two small __________ bones located in the proximal gastrocnemius (calf muscle).
Located cranial to the femoral condyles.
Not present in cattle or horses.

6. Tibia Main weight bearing bone of the lower leg (shinbone).
Forms stifle joint proximally with femur.
Forms ___________ (ankle) distally with tarsal bones.
Tibial _______________ continues distally down the femur as the tibial crest.
Where patellar tendon attaches.
Medial __________ is medial to distal articular surface and is called “knob” of ankle.

7. Fibula Consists of proximal extremity, shaft, and distal extremity.
Does not support significant weight.
Thin, but complete, in dogs and cats. Horses and cattle do not have shaft of fibula.
Forms lateral ____________ at distal end.
Fibula

8. Tarsal Bones aka ankle or “hock”
Consists of two rows of tarsal bones (similar to carpal bones in wrist).
Proximal row is named and distal row is numbered.
Proximal row: tibial tarsal (with ____________), fibular tarsal (with ____________), and central tarsal bone
Calcaneal tuberosity forms the point of the hock. Site of attachment for tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle (aka ___________ tendon)
Tarsal Bones

9. Metatarsal Bones Phalanges Almost identical to metacarpals
exception: dogs and cats usually only have metatarsals II – V
Horses/Cattle same as front leg.
Almost identical to phalanges on thoracic limb
exception: dogs and cats usually only have digits II – V
Horses/Cattle same as front leg.

10. Visceral Skeleton Bones that form in soft organs (__________)
Are not found in every animal
Examples
os cordis: in heart of cattle and sheep that supports the valves
os penis: in penis of dogs, beaver, raccoons, and walruses that partially surrounds the urethra
os rostri: in nose of swine that strengthens snout for rooting/digging
Visceral Skeleton 10

11. Joints Junctions between bones Can be moveable or immovable.
Arthro and articular refer to joints.
3 Types of joints:
Fibrous Joints (____arthroses)
Immovable; joined by fibrous tissue
Found in sutures of skull bones, splint bones in horses
Cartilaginous Joints (_______arthroses)
Slightly moveable; rocking motion
Vertebral disks between vertebrae, Pelvic and mandibular symphisis
Synovial Joints (___arthroses)
Freely moveable
Shoulder, stifle, elbow, etc
Joints

12. Characteristics of Synovial Joints
Have Articular surfaces on bones
Articular (__________) cartilage covering articular surfaces
Fluid-filled joint cavity (joint space)
Enclosed by a joint ____________
Synovial membrane- outer membrane that produces:
Synovial fluid- lubricates joint surfaces
Ligaments – fibrous (__________) connective tissue that join bones to other bones.

13. Synovial Joint Movements
Flexion and Extension
Opposite movements
Increase (extension) or decrease (flexion) angle between two bones
Adduction and Abduction
Move an extremity toward (Adduction) or away from (Abduction) medial plane
Rotation
Twisting movement of a part on its own axis
Circumduction
Movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle

14. Types of Synovial Joints
Hinge Joints
One joint surface swivels around another
Only capable of flexion and extension
Gliding Joints
Rocking motion of one joint surface on another
Primarily capable of flexion and extension
Abduction and adduction possible in humans not dogs/cats
Pivot Joints
One bone pivots (rotates) on another
Only capable of rotation
Ball-and-socket joints
Allow for all joint movements