1. The Skeletal System Allison Carter, Bartley Collerd, Kara Hollins, Liz Long Chapter 15: Section 2, Skeletal System Audience: 6th grade (11-12 yr olds)

2. Skeletal System Part 1: What is the skeletal system? Part 1: What is the skeletal system? Part 2: Proper bone care and fractures. Part 2: Proper bone care and fractures.

3. Part 1: What is the skeletal system?

4. Skeletal System Functions Functions Structure - 2 main parts: Structure - 2 main parts: Axial & Appendicular Axial & Appendicular Basic Types - 4 kinds Basic Types - 4 kinds Cartilage Cartilage Joints Joints Ligaments & Tendons Ligaments & Tendons

5. Functions of the Skeletal System Provides a strong, steady frame for the body’s muscle to move. Provides a strong, steady frame for the body’s muscle to move. Supports and protects internal organs. Supports and protects internal organs.

6. Structure of the Skeletal System Axial Skeleton- the 80 bones that make up the skull, spine, ribs, or sternum (breastbone). Axial Skeleton- the 80 bones that make up the skull, spine, ribs, or sternum (breastbone). Functions include the vertebrae which protect the spinal cord. Also, the ribs which connect around to attach to the sternum and protects the heart and lungs. Functions include the vertebrae which protect the spinal cord. Also, the ribs which connect around to attach to the sternum and protects the heart and lungs.

7. Examples of Axial Bones Pictures of ribs and sternum Pictures of ribs and sternum

8. Structure of the Skeletal System Appendicular skeleton- the 126 bones of the shoulder, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Appendicular skeleton- the 126 bones of the shoulder, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Function allowing the body to perform a wide range of motions. Function allowing the body to perform a wide range of motions.

9. Examples of Appendicular Bones X-Ray Pictures of the hip and hands bones X-Ray Pictures of the hip and hands bones Pelvis (hip) Carpals (wrist), metacarpals (hand), phalanges (fingers)

10. Basic Types of Bones Long- found in the arms and legs. These bones are very strong. For example, the femur bone in the leg. Long- found in the arms and legs. These bones are very strong. For example, the femur bone in the leg. Short- Short bones are as broad as they are long. For example, carpal bones in the wrist. Short- Short bones are as broad as they are long. For example, carpal bones in the wrist.

11. Basic Types of Bones Flat- have a thin, flat shape. Flat bones are generally used to protect the body’s vital organs. For example, the ribs and skull. Flat- have a thin, flat shape. Flat bones are generally used to protect the body’s vital organs. For example, the ribs and skull. Irregular- any bone shape that does not fall into the previous 3 categories. For example, the vertebrae is a irregular bone. Irregular- any bone shape that does not fall into the previous 3 categories. For example, the vertebrae is a irregular bone.

12. Cartilage Cartilage- A strong, flexible connective tissue. Cartilage- A strong, flexible connective tissue. Different types of cartilage line the surface of bones at joints allowing smooth movement. Different types of cartilage line the surface of bones at joints allowing smooth movement. Other functions include cushioning the vertebrae and supporting the ear and nose. Other functions include cushioning the vertebrae and supporting the ear and nose.

13. Fat into Cartilage? Podcast: A Duke University Study Podcast: A Duke University Study Might be possible to turn fat to cartilage Might be possible to turn fat to cartilage Very beneficial, as cartilage can’t repair itself Very beneficial, as cartilage can’t repair itself

14. Cartilage A baby’s skeletal system is mostly made up of cartilage. A baby’s skeletal system is mostly made up of cartilage. As the baby grows, the cartilage is replaced with bone minerals and cells through ossification. As the baby grows, the cartilage is replaced with bone minerals and cells through ossification. Ossification- the process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired. Ossification- the process by which bone is formed, renewed, and repaired.

15. Joints Joint- the point at while 2 bones meet. Joint- the point at while 2 bones meet. Some joints provide a small range of motion and are considered immovable (ex.-skull). Most are mobile and provide a range of movement. Some joints provide a small range of motion and are considered immovable (ex.-skull). Most are mobile and provide a range of movement.

16. Types of Mobile Joints There are 4 types: There are 4 types: Ball and Socket- allows the widest range of motion; forward, backwards, sideways, circular. Examples- shoulder and hip. Ball and Socket- allows the widest range of motion; forward, backwards, sideways, circular. Examples- shoulder and hip. Pivot Joint- allows rotation. Between the Pivot Joint- allows rotation. Between the skull and the first two vertebrae is an skull and the first two vertebrae is an example of a pivot joint. example of a pivot joint.

17. Types of Joints Ellipsoidal Joint- oval shaped part in a curved space like the wrist. Allows all movements except pivot. Ellipsoidal Joint- oval shaped part in a curved space like the wrist. Allows all movements except pivot. Hinge Joint- allows bending and straightening. Examples include, fingers, knee, and elbow. Hinge Joint- allows bending and straightening. Examples include, fingers, knee, and elbow.

18. Ligaments Ligaments-tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue that binds the bone ends at the joint. Ligaments-tough bands of fibrous, slightly elastic tissue that binds the bone ends at the joint. Also prevents excess movement of the joint. Also prevents excess movement of the joint.

19. Tendons Tendons- Fibrous cords that join muscle to bone or to other muscles. Tendons- Fibrous cords that join muscle to bone or to other muscles. Example of tendons that are visible to the eye are when you use your fingers you see the tendons moving on the back of your hand. Example of tendons that are visible to the eye are when you use your fingers you see the tendons moving on the back of your hand.

20. Part 2: Proper Bone Care and Fractures

21. Importance of bone function Importance of bone function Proper diet for good bone care Proper diet for good bone care Physical Exercise Physical Exercise Fractures Fractures

22. Importance of Bone Function Bones act as a storage center for the body’s essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus. Bones act as a storage center for the body’s essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus. Bones also produce blood cells. This takes place in the red bone marrow. Bones also produce blood cells. This takes place in the red bone marrow.

23. Proper Diet for Good Bone Care Calcium is an essential mineral in order to build up the strength of the bones. Calcium is an essential mineral in order to build up the strength of the bones. Food sources include milk, cheese, most dairy products. Food sources include milk, cheese, most dairy products.

24. Race & Osteoporosis

25. Proper diet Phosphorus combines with calcium to give bones their rigidity. Phosphorus combines with calcium to give bones their rigidity. Food sources include milk, peas, liver, cottage cheese, broccoli, and whole grains. Food sources include milk, peas, liver, cottage cheese, broccoli, and whole grains.

26. Physical Exercise Regular activity is important for the health of bones. Exercise promotes better blood flow, increasing nourishment to the bones. Regular activity is important for the health of bones. Exercise promotes better blood flow, increasing nourishment to the bones.

27. Physical Exercise Also important is weight bearing exercise which increases the bone mass. Also important is weight bearing exercise which increases the bone mass. Weight bearing activities include walking, lifting weights, any exercise with direct weight pressure to the ground. Weight bearing activities include walking, lifting weights, any exercise with direct weight pressure to the ground. Not included are swimming, biking, etc. Not included are swimming, biking, etc.

28. Fractures Any type of break in a bone. Any type of break in a bone. Two main types: Two main types: Simple (closed)- the bone does not stick out of the skin. Simple (closed)- the bone does not stick out of the skin. Compound (open)-one or both ends of the bone stick out or protrude through the skin. Compound (open)-one or both ends of the bone stick out or protrude through the skin.

29. Skeletal Jeopardy