1. The Skeleton: Bones and Joints
Chapter 6
The Skeleton: Bones and Joints

2. The Skeleton
Skeletal system is made up of bones, joints, and supporting connective tissue

3. Bones Several functions To serve as a firm framework for the body
To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord
To serve as levers to produce movement
To store calcium salts
To produce blood cells

4. Bone Structure Bone (osseous) tissue Types Compact bone
Haversion systems (osteons)
Spongy (cancellous) bone
Bone marrow
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
Bone membranes
Periosteum
Endosteum

5. The skeleton

6. The structure of a long bone.

7. Compact bone tissue

8. Bone tissue, longitudinal section

9. Checkpoint 6-1: A long bone has a long narrow shaft and two irregular ends. What are the scientific names for the shaft and the ends of a long bone?
Shaft
Diaphysis
Ends
Proximal epiphysis
Distal epiphysis
Checkpoint 6-2: What are the two types of osseus (bone) tissue and where is each type found?
Spongy (cancellous) bone
Found in the ends (epiphyses) of long bones
Flat bones
Compact bone
Shafts of long bones
Outer layers of flat bones

10. Bone Growth and Repair Types of bone cells
Osteoblasts manufacture the matrix
Osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix
Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue

11. Checkpoint 6-3: What are the three types of cells found in bone and what is the role of each?
Osteocytes
Maintain and repair bone existing bone matrix
Osteoblasts
Manufacture bone matrix
Osteoclasts
Resorb (break down) bone matrix

12. Formation of a Long Bone
Bones begin as cartilage in the embryo
Cartilage begins to turn into bone
Osteoblasts build up bony matrix
Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends
Bone growth takes place in epiphyseal plate
Bones continue to lengthen
Bones stop lengthening
When epiphyseal plates (cartilage) turns to bone, they stop lengthening
Bone resorption and formation continues
Bone continues to be modeled (shaped)

13. Checkpoint 6-4: As the embryonic skeleton is converted from cartilage to bone, the intercellular matrix becomes hardened. What compounds are deposited in the matrix to harden it?
Calcium compounds
Checkpoint 6-5: After birth, long bones continue to grow in length at secondary centers. What are these centers called?
Epiphyses
Epiphyseal plate

14. Bone Markings Projections Depressions or holes Head Process Condyle
Crest
Spine
Depressions or holes
Foramen
Sinus
Fossa
Meatus

15. Checkpoint 6-6: Bones have a number of projections, depressions, and holes. What are some functions of these markings?
Projections
Help form joints and serve as muscle attachments
Depressions
Serve as muscle attachments
Holes
Serve as passageways for nerves and blood vessels

16. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk
Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities

17. Framework of the Skull Cranial bones Facial bones Infant skull Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Occipital
Facial bones
Mandible
Maxillae
Zygomatic
Nasal
Lacrimal
Vomer
Palatine
Inferior nasal conchae
Ossicle
Hyoid
Infant skull
Fontanels

18. The skull. ZOOMING IN • What type of joint is between
bones of the skull?
Sutures

19. The skull, inferior view.
ZOOMING IN • What two bones make up each side of the hard palate?
Maxilla and palatine bones

20. Floor of cranium, superior view.
ZOOMING IN • What is a foramen?
A hole in a bone

21. The skull, sagittal section.

22. Infant skull, showing fontanels.
ZOOMING IN • Which is the largest fontanel?
Anterior fontanel

23. Framework of the Trunk Vertebral column Thorax Cervical vertebrae (7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Sacral vertebrae (sacrum) (4 fused)
Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx) (3 fused)
Thorax
Sternum
Manubrium
Clavicular notch
Sternal angle
Xiphoid process
Ribs
True ribs (1-7)
False ribs (8-12)
Floating ribs (11-12)

24. Vertebral column, left lateral view. ZOOMING IN • From an anterior
view, which group(s) of vertebrae
form a convex curve?
Cervical and lumbar
Which
group(s) form a concave curve?
Thoracic, sacrum and coccyx

25. The vertebral column and vertebrae.

26. The first two cervical vertebrae

27. Bones of the thorax, anterior view
ZOOMING IN • To what bones do the costal cartilages attach?
Sternum, ribs

28. Checkpoint 6-8: What are the five regions of the vertebral column?
Checkpoint 6-7: The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull and the trunk. What bones make up the skeleton of the trunk?
Vertebral column, ribs, sternum
Checkpoint 6-8: What are the five regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

29. Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
Two divisions
Upper
Lower

30. The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton
The shoulder girdle
Clavicle (collarbone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa
Acromion
Glenoid cavity
Coracoid process

31. The Upper Division of the Appendicular Skeleton
The upper extremity
Humerus (arm bone)
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Trochlea
Capitellum
Ulna (forearm bone)
Distal projection (styloid process)
Head (distal)
Olecranon
Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
Radius (lateral forearm bone)
Head (proximal end)
Carpal bones (wrist)
Metacarpal bones (palm)
Phalanges (finger bones)

32. The shoulder girdle and scapula
ZOOMING IN • What does the prefix supra mean?
Above
What does the prefix infra mean?
Below

33. The right humerus

34. Radius and ulna of the right forearm
ZOOMING IN •What is the lateral bone of the forearm?
Radius

35. Movements of the forearm

36. Left elbow, lateral view
ZOOMING IN •What part of what bone forms the bony prominence of the elbow?
The olecranon process of the ulna

37. Bones of the right hand, anterior view

38. The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton
The pelvic bones (ossa coxae)
Ilium
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Ischium
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Pubis
Pubic symphysis
Features of pelvis
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen

39. The pelvic bones ZOOMING IN • What bone is nicknamed the “sit bone”?
Ischium

40. Comparison of male and female pelvis, anterior view

41. The Lower Division of the Appendicular Skeleton
The lower extremity
Femur (thigh)
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Patella (kneecap)
Tibia (shin bone of leg)
Medial malleolus
Fibula (leg bone)
Lateral malleolus
Tarsal bones (ankle)
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Metatarsal bones (instep)
Phalanges (toe bones)

42. The right femur (thigh bone)

43. Tibia and fibula of the right leg
ZOOMING IN • What is the medial bone of the leg?
Tibia

44. Bones of the right foot  
ZOOMING IN •Which tarsal bone is the heel bone?
Calcaneous

45. Checkpoint 6-9: What division of the skeleton consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, hip, and extremities?
Appendicular

46. Skeletal Changes in the Aging
Bones undergo significant changes
Loss of calcium salts
Decrease in protein
Reduction in collagen
Loss of height
Decrease in chest diameter

47. The Joints
Classified by material between adjoining bones and by degree of movement permitted
Fibrous
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Cartilaginous
Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
Synovial
Diarthrosis (freely movable)

48. Checkpoint 6-10: What are the three types of joints classified according to the type of material between the adjoining bones?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

49. More About Synovial Joints
Structures that support and protect synovial joints
Ligaments
Joint capsule
Hyaline (articular) cartilage
Fat
Bursae

50. Structure of a synovial joint

51. The knee joint, sagittal section

52. Types of Synovial Joints
Classified by types of movement they allow
Gliding
Bones of the wrist and ankle
Hinge
Elbow, interphalangeal joints
Pivot
Joint between C-1 and C-2, proximal radio-ulnar joint
Condyloid
2nd-5th metacarpo-phalangeal joints (knuckles)
Saddle
Ist metacarpo-phalangeal joint (thumb)
Ball-and-socket
Hip, shoulder

54. Movement at Synovial Joints
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Rotation
Movements characteristic of forearm and ankle
Supination
Pronation
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion

55. Movements at synovial joints

56. Checkpoint 6-11: What is the most freely movable type of joint?
Ball and socket